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The Expression and Communicative Functions of English Paralanguage in Cross-Cultural Communication

Abstract: Along with the growing awareness of the various research fields in linguistics, a number of interdisciplinary subjects in linguistics have newly emerged as independent ones. Paralanguage, as a companion function of language and a feature of nonverbal communication, has its new subject. It is a speech act which is worth studying. This paper summarizes circumstance, expression, communicative functions of paralanguage, and further examines its differences in high and low context cultures from the point of view of cross-cultural communication. Its focuses are that verbal communication, to a large extent, has to rely on paralanguages in realizing the communication effectively and successfully.

Key words: Paralanguage; Expression; Communicative functions; Cross-Cultural communication 
        
跨文化交际中英语副语言的表现和交际功能

摘要：随着对语言学诸多方面研究的逐步深入，语言学的许多交叉学科已作为独立的新兴学科应运而生， 副语言作为语言的伴随物也有了自己的学科—副语言学， 是一种值得研究的语言行为。本文概述了副语言学的当今态势、副语言的表现和副语言的交际功能，并从跨文化角度进一步探讨了高低文化语境下副语言的差异，认为语言交际在很大程度上要依靠副语言交际才能有效地进行。
关键词：副语言；表现；交际功能；跨文化交际

 Contents

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………2
1 Introduction of paralanguage………………………………………………………3
1.1 Definition of paralanguage………………………………………………………4
1.2 Classification of paralanguage from cross-cultural communication view………5
1.2.1 Silence………………………………………………………………………5
1.2.2 Turn-taking…………………………………………………………………6
1.2.3 Nonverbal sound………………………………………………………………7
2 Expression of English paralanguage………………………………………………7
2.1 Stress……………………………………………………………………8
2.2 Intonation……………………………………………………………………10
2.3 Pause……………………………………………………………………11
2.4 Length……………………………………………………………………………12
2.5 Vocal alternants…………………………………………………………………13
3 Communicative functions of English paralanguage………………………………13
3.1 Grammatical function of English paralanguage…………………………………13
3.2 Substituting function of English paralanguage…………………………………15
3.3 Expressional function of English paralanguage…………………………………16
3.4 Modifying function of English paralanguage……………………………………18
4 Paralanguage between high and low context cultures……………………………18
4.1 High-Context and Low-Context cultures and cross-cultural communication……18
4.2 Some different expression of paralanguage in Sino-American communication…19
4.3 Different implications of silence in China and America…………………………20
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………22
References………………………………………………………