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本文是一篇英语论文提纲，本研究基于惠特曼的传记和其友人的回忆录，将贵格会对惠特曼的生活影响按时间顺序系统化。此外，本研究不仅填补了国内贵格会对惠特曼影响研究的空白，而且丰富了惠特曼的研究视角。将贵格主义引入中国的美国文学研究领域，不仅开辟了一个全新的领域，也为重新审视与清教主义和美国文学相关的文献提供了机会。

Chapter One Literature Review

1.1 Studies on Quakerism

In his article, “The Treatment of Quakerism in American Historical and Literary Writing”, Edward Earle Stibitz (1951) outlines three distinct periods of Quaker development. The first period, spanning from 1640 to the end of the 17th century, is characterized by dynamic and expansive growth. The second period, which takes place throughout the 18th century, is marked by a settled and static Quakerism, albeit with some increased social concern. The third period, from the 19th century to the present, sees Quakerism undergoing ferment and developing new religious and social concerns.

William Charles Braithwaite and Rufus M. Jones dedicated 16 years to composing seven books on the history of the Quaker movement, which have become classic works in the field during the first half of the 20th century. Of these works, The Beginnings of Quakerism in 1912 and The Second Period of Quakerism in 1919 were the most widely disseminated and influential. These books comprehensively cover the Quaker movement’s history in the 17th century, incorporating a rich array of primary sources and materials to heighten their scholarly rigor. As a result, they gained a reputation as the most valuable works on Quakerism. Braithwaite and Jones approach Quaker history from their shared Quaker perspective, leading them to emphasize spirituality, religion, and personal experiences. The Quaker works that emerged prior to World War II tended to focus on theology and religious historiography. However, the 1950s saw a new wave of academic scholarship that linked Quaker studies with distinct political, economic, and cultural contexts. This group of scholars, which included Alan Cole, Christopher Hill, and Barry Reay, helped expand the boundaries of Quaker studies beyond the confined realm of religious and theological historiography. This enabled scholars to explore the links between Quakerism and broader societal issues, thus diversifying the field’s scope and significance. 

1.2 Studies on Quakerism and American Literature

In English academia, studies on the influence of Quakerism on American literature can be categorized as either macro or micro studies. This section will provide an overview of the macro study on Quaker influence in American literature, while the subsequent section will delve into the micro study on Quaker influence on Walt Whitman.

There are limited foreign macro studies that focus on the influence of Quakerism on American literature. Prominent scholars such as Helen Louise Sparks, Howard W. Hintz, Philip Myron Keith, James Peacock, and Ean C. High primarily examine the influence of Quakerism on renowned American writers and their literary works. Moreover, Walton Gerald Wayne and Betty Jean Steele analyze the influence of Quakerism on the American novel.  

Helen Louise Sparks (1926) was the first to explore the Quaker influence on American writing. As a passionate follower of Quakerism herself, Sparks acknowledges in her work titled “The Influence of Quakerism on American Literature Prior to 1900” that she has a deep interest in this lesser-known arm of Pro本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。