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本文是一篇英语论文提纲，笔者认为胡赛尼在《灿烂千阳》中通过对人物强制负罪的因由以及承受迫害的描写，展现了父权社会中女性所受到的不平等、不人道的待遇，在“文明”的社会中，女性始终被迫成为替罪羊，地位和“原始”社会一样，被商品化和牺牲。

Chapter One“Scapegoat”and Its Relative Theories

1.1 The Origin of“Scapegoat”and the Research on its TheoreticalDevelopment

With the development of human society,human’s sin consciousness hasawakened and the research on human civilization has deepened.Literary critics,philosophers,psychologist,and anthropologist draw more and more attention to“Scapegoat phenomenon”which appears among many cultures worldwide.In thischapter,a brief introduction to the origin of scapegoat,relative research on scapegoatand theoretical development,especially the Scapegoat Theory of Rene Girard will bemade.

1.1.1 The Origin of“Scapegoat”

In contemporary era,scapegoat is defined as a person or group who is blame forwrongdoings,mistakes or faults of others,especially for the reason of expediency.Itis said that the scapegoat ritual is originated from Elba around 2400BC,from where itspread throughout the ancient Near East.

The word“scapegoat”is an English translation of the Hebrew in WilliamTyndale’s Bible,which initially appears in the Book of Leviticus in Old Testament.InGenesis of the Old Testament,after Noah,there was a Semitic named Abraham.Godis going to give Abraham a big commitment.In order to test Abraham’s loyalty,Godtold him that he need to take his only son,Issac,to an appointed place and killed hisson as a sacrifice to the God.Issac was born when Abraham and Sarah were ninetyyears old and actually was the gift of the God.Though he is reluctant to part with hisonly son,Abraham believed that God is mercy and righteous and his confidence will bring fortune to him.Followed by God’s instruction,Abraham took his son to theMoriah region.The next morning,after making preparation for sacrifice,Abrahamand Issac rode donkeys to the appointed place.Issac asked Abraham where the goatfor sacrifice was.Abraham told him that the God would prepare the burnt offerings.After they arrived,Abraham built a altar,tying Issac up,putting the woods on himand holding fire and knife.When Abraham was going to kill his son with knife,anangle of the God appeared and told him not to hurt the boy for“Now I know that youfear God,because you have not withheld form me your son,your only son.”(Bible,2005:23)Then,Abraham looked around and noticed a ram in the dense woods.Hetook the ram and used it as the sacrifice offerings to replace his son.

1.2 The Four Stereotypes of Persecution in Rene Girard’s ScapegoatTheory

A persecution text refers to those text which described and revealed apersecution reality.It is not hard to find persecution in religious,political,historical,literary and mythical text or even in reality.Based on numerous researches on thosepersecution text,Rene Girard concluded four stereotypes in persecution text.

The description of a social or cultural crisis in a text in the initial one.Generally,persecution prefers to happen in crisis and chaos which come from mimetic desire.Asfor the causes of a crisis,they can come from external factors such as a plague,adrought or a famine while they can also come from internal factors such as politicaldisturbances or religious conflicts.No matter what kind of causes trigger the crisis,itwill weaken the social order,eliminate the dif本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。