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本文是一篇英语论文提纲，本文基于空间叙事理论分析小说中的创伤主题更有利于揭示该小说中黑人的创伤经历及其治愈过程：地形学空间将个人创伤外化，体现出作者以文学手段对边缘人物内心的关注；文本空间通过多层次空间维度将个人创伤拓展到集体创伤，从而凸显创伤主题的复杂性；时空体空间通过动静对比和不同情节运动突出反思和行动在创伤治疗中的重要性。

Chapter One Individual Trauma in Topographical Structure

1.1 Cora’s Double Traumatic Experience

The topographical structure in which Cora survives in The Underground Railroad is dividedinto two regions:the southern plantation and the northern states.At the same time,the two survival spaces in the geographical area contain several small spaces with external and internalopposites,such as the Randall plantation and Hob;North Carolina,and Martin’s House.Whitehead externalizes the inner trauma of the novel’s characters by describing thesetopographical structures.Individual trauma is“a blow to the psyche that breaks through one’sdefenses so suddenly and with such brutal force that one cannot react to its effect”(Erikson 459).Cora is a female black slave who experiences persecution during the slavery period on theRandall plantation,such as rape,whipping,and unexplained ostracism.Such a living spacemakes her physically and mentally devastated,so Cora decides to flee to the North.But whetherin the South or the North,black people have the same difficult living space and suffer fromuntold trauma.

1.1.1 Maltreatment of Fellow Slaves:Randall Plantation and Hob

The Randall plantation is Cora’s outside survival space in the South,which is an abandonedwasteland of despair.Slaves are allowed to move only in specific areas within the plantation.Thus,they are cut off from communicating with the outside world.In this space,whites treatslaves in a dehumanizing way.Born on the plantation,Cora witnesses many physical atrocitiesthat slave owners inflict on their slaves.As a female slave,Cora is doubly traumatized.Not onlyis she used as a cheap commodity by white slave owners,but she is also bullied by her fellowblacks.

1.2 Cora’s Alienated Intimate Emotion

According to Zoran,the map that constitutes topographical structure differs from the map inreality in that it also includes the space in which people or things exist,such as“the relationshipbetween the space of a dream and that of reality within the narrative”(317).In The UndergroundRailroad,readers can understand Cora’s family and love trauma through the topographicalstructures of“reality”and“fantasy”.In the United States,blacks are sold as commodities andthey are deprived of their rights.Most female slaves are raped by their owners.And theirchildren are considered the private property of their white masters.In such a social context,blackslaves do not have normal emotional lives and families.First,black slaves are not able to expresstheir feelings because they are just tools for white slave owners to vent their desires.Secondly,black slaves have no rights or ability to raise their children and cannot give them a completefamily.In The Underground Railroad,Cora is one of the children who are poisoned by slavery.Under the oppression of slavery,Cora has an incomplete family.What’s more,she cannot have anormal emotional life because her two lovers pass away at the hands of white people.All Coracan do is satisfy herself in fantasy.Through the contrast between fantasy and real space,theauthor presents the family trauma and love trauma that Cora experiences.

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