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of rejection will drive him to defendhimself. As his prioritized concern is self-image, two types of attribution may lead todisparate results. Generally, internal, stable and specific attribution to one’s defect hasstrong relation with thefeeling of guilt, especially when he realizes he can save his self-image as long as he conducted self-improvement action. While external, global self-defect appraisal links little to shame but inferiority. Self-defensive motivationthereupon rises, and one may hide, avoid or try to cover up for the sake of his socialimage. By virtue of intermediate feelings, Shame Model identifies reasonablemotivations in different situations and examines moral choices.

Figure 1. Conceptual model of the experience of moral failure

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Chapter Ⅱ Shame Characteristics in Diver’s MoralDecline

2.1 Shame Featured with Rejection in Identity Loss

Dick Diver, son of a poor minister, feels as much attraction to the temple’s moneychangers, whocanunderwritetheromanticlife, ashedoesto thepurealtar of psychiatry.Hisinability to resolvehisowninternal war leads hisinevitablyintoanexternal conflicttriggered by his marriage to his social and philosophic opposite, Nicole Warren, awealthy girl from Chicago. Ill-prepared, Diver is thrust into a world which he does notcomprehend and into a struggle which he is fated to lose.

Fitzgerald describes Diver’s “illusions of eternal strength and health, and of theessential goodness of people” (p.5). as his Achilles’ heel. He inherits the virtues fromhis father and the two proud widows “who had raised him to believe that nothing couldbe superior to ‘good instincts’, honor, courtesy, and courage” (p.22). He attempts tomaintain standards of self-reliance and personal responsibility by living a ratherascetical life. He drinks the cheapest wine and takes third-class while travelling alone.He would even penalize himself for any extravagances. However, Nicole who can buywhatever she wants if needed stands in stark contrast against him. She induces all theslackness in his nature by all means and Diver ends up in the overwhelm of materialstuff. Although he struggles “to keep alive the low painful fire of intelligence” (p.212),all the efforts are doomed to failure because the very values he maintains are disdainedand rejected by the new world.

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2.2 Shame Featured with Guilt in Fidelity Loss

From the perspective of Rosemary, the Divers’ marriage appears to her as the perfect marriage: the most fascinating man she had ever met, married to the mostattractivewomanshehadeverseen, andliving alifeofrefinement,expensivesimplicityand romantic love in the most elegant places in the world. This is what Rosemary isfascinated by and wants a share of. In the beginning, Rosemary is appealed to Diver.She tells her mother that she falls in love with a man on the beach. The fact is “whenhe looks at her and for a moment she lives in the bright blue worlds of his eyes, eagerlyand confidently”. but then Rosemary only uses an indifferent tone “He’s marriedthough—it’s usually the way” (p.12). Her obsession with Diver increases, however,until she confesses love to him: “I’m in love with you an本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。