英语论文网

ne and a hierarchical one. In the parallel structure, all decision makers DMs are at the same level of authority and they were working together in coordination. On the other hand, in the hierarchical structure, authority varied with the rank of the DMs.

The performance of the organization was measured in terms of its response time and accuracy. These two dimensions represented team performance. Moreover, the cognitive workload of decision makers during the execution of the task was estimated because bounded rationality imposed a limitation on the human’s capability for processing information. This study highlighted the two most important factors that affected organization performance. One the task attributes and the other was information processing and decision-making ability of the organization members. Task attributes changed the working condition while individual differences resulted in variability of organizational performance.

The study proved that individual difference had more influence on performance in the parallel organization than in hierarchical organization. It also verified that when available time decreased, time pressure was introduced in the organization and DMs had to adjust their processing rate.

The author MICHAEL J. GLAUSER (1984) talked about the flow of information in the hierarchy of the organization. There were several characteristics that supported in the flow of information and communication in the organization especially in the upward direction of the organizations. Majorly, that depended on the superior subordinate, the relationship of the subordinates with the superior-subordinate and most importantly the structure of the organization where decision was made either in hierarchical structure or parallel structure.

Upward communication generally included the primary forms such as information about the subordinate himself, it could be about the information of problems of other peers, or it could be information related to the policies and procedures. Increased flow of information and better communication led to these areas of information helped in effective decision making. But there were several factors that created hurdles in communication between the upper hierarchy and the lower hierarchy of the organization. Firstly, there were very few managers working at top positions that made it structurally difficult to pass information. Then these managers had limited cognitive capacity due to which they could pass only limited information. It had be found out that majority of the supervisor were not interested in upward communication. In this article, information was defined as all the type of messages sends to the employees and employers. Four articles were included for study. Research papers had been included in this article. Majority of the research were concluded that upward communications depend on the relationship of the supervisor and subordinates and the nature of the information floated in the hierarchy of the organization, structure characteristics. The author concluded by a model that resulted that efficient upward communication could be acquired by examining the characteristics of the relationship of the supervisor and subordinates, structure of the organization and the nature of the message.

Camella and Laura (2008) demonstrated the importance of efficient mana本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。