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安德森和莱亚尔（2001）定义市场环保为“资源调控是通过市场化手段的承诺，兼具经济与环保目的的一种方式”（贝克，2005，p.543）。这是大自然的新自由主义，在80年代后期引入了原国有企业的私有化的例子。环保市场包括三个概念：私有化，商业化和商品化。这些都是相互关联的过程，有些人认为这三个需要存在，对于市场环保是极为重要的。私有化是所有权变更，从公众到私人部门的转换。商业化是通过提高效率最大化和资本运用，从而盈利（利思，2001年），最终回到商业原则的资源管理的转变。这是两个不同的过程，但是相互关联，既可以保证资源的利用，又可以完成商品的转化。

Arguments For Against Market Environmentalism In Water Supply Economics essay

This essay will demonstrate the fundamentals of market environmentalism and its application to the water supply industry. The relative merits of private and public ownership shall be considered and the key characteristics of each identified. The arguments of both these methods will be examined by demonstrating their application in both transition and developed economies. Subsequently we will determine whether market environmentalism can be a success or not.

Anderson and Leal (2001) define market environmentalism as ‘a mode of resource regulation that promises both economic and environmental ends via market means’ (Bakker, 2005, p.543). It is an example of the neoliberalism of nature, introduced in the late 1980s with the privatisation of formerly state-owned businesses. Market environmentalism consists of three concepts: privatisation, commercialisation and commodification. These are interrelated processes and some argue that all three need to be present for market environmentalism to be successful. Privatisation is the change in ownership from the public to the private sector. Commercialisation is the change in resource management that introduces commercial principles which are used to profit maximise through increased efficiency and return on capital utilised (Leys, 2001). These are two distinct processes and although interrelated, neither will ensure the conversion of resources to commodities. Lastly, commodification is the creation of an economic good for the purpose of placing a value on it. Castree (2003) in his work on the commodification of nature argues that the three concepts of market environmentalism have been combined and can be used interchangeably. I disagree with this statement because the terms are independent and they have their own specific definitions that are not equivalent.

I understand water supply to mean the provision of drinking water, rather than the water industry which consists of the water supply and waste water. In this essay, we are only interested in the supply of water, although the quality of waste water does influence this.

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