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As an example I refer the role of pharmacists in reporting adverse drug reaction (ADR) events. In 2002, WHO conducted international survey for countries who are participating in the WHO Drug Monitoring Program. The study showed that although pharmacists are allowed to report ADR for national health system, only limited number of countries significantly perceived pharmacist contribution. For example in the Netherlands, 40% of the report of ADRs are submitted by pharmacists and their contribution is substantial for pharmacovigillance studies. By contrast, in Indonesia, pharmacists do not participate in the national pharmacovigillance system (Grootheest, et al. 2003). Small contribution of pharmacists in reporting ADRs is a questionable topic because pharmacists are the person who closely related to drug and hold the authorities for drug release in the pharmacy store. This indicates that standard practice of pharmacists are vary among countries. Like in Scandinavian countries, pharmacists role is restricted only in compounding and dispensing of drug, while in Japan, Portugal, the Netherlands and USA, pharmacists may submit bulk of reports and play significant role in reporting ADRs.

Concept of Pharmaceutical Care

As a result of societal changes and internal developments, the pharmacy profession is continuously changing. Like other health care professions, pharmacists has to change systemically to responds societal healthcare needs. The emphasis of current pharmaceutical practice has shifted from the product or substance skills (preparation, purification and dispensing) into more personal attention to the patient problem, particularly on individualization of therapies. It attempts to improve drug therapy outcomes by requiring pharmacists, in cooperation with their patients and other health professionals, to design, implement and monitor patient drug therapy. The current tendency shows that provision of pharmaceutical care is the answer for responding the society.

Helper and Strand (Helper and Strand 1990) defines Pharmaceutical Care is 'the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve patient's quality of life. These outcomes are (1) cure of a disease, (2) elimination or reduction of a patient's symptomatology, (3) arresting or slowing of a disease process or (4) preventing a disease or symptomatology'.

Furthermore, Helper and Strand wrote that pharmaceutical care is a necessary element of health care and should be integrated with other elements. Pharmaceutical care is designed to give advantages for patient and improving the responsibility of pharmacist to the aspect of patient's quality of care. The mutual beneficial exchange between pharmacist and patient is the fundamental relationship to perform pharmaceutical care.

Nevertheless, some countries have quite different interpretation to the definition of pharmaceutical care. During a symposium in the Netherlands in 2003, European countries regarded pharmaceutical care as 'pharmacists being nice to patient'. This simplistic definition surely may lead to confusion because just being nice is certainly not enoug本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。