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The Indonesian government promoted during the 1990s three health insurance schemes. The first one was a social health insurance for private employees (Jamsostek), the second one a voluntary health insurance (private) and the third one was a community health maintenance insurance (Jaminan Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Masyarakat, JPKM). And there is also a social health insurance for civil servants (Askes), which has been offered since 1968. It is necessary to know that only 14% of the Indonesian population is insured. So that means that 86% is not covered by any form of health insurance scheme. Now a few of the several kinds of health insurances of Indonesia is introduced. Because there is a variety of public and private insurance, a fragmented system is the consequence. So that means that the system does not cover all risk groups. Over the years slowly different health insurances evolved for formal sector workers.

The first social health insurance scheme for the civil servants was Askes. There are around 14 million members who are insured in the civil servant compulsory health insurance. Military personnel and all civil servants and pensioner civil servants are mandated to contribute 2% of their basic monthly salary. Regardless of their income or rank, all the members are entitled to comprehensive benefits considered medically necessary. There is a provider network for Askes members. This network consists of public health centers and public hospitals. Most of the time Askes members pay the providers using prospective payments . The Askes insurance was followed by a similar scheme, Jamsostek. This is an insurance for formal private sector employees. Jamsostek is an insurance for those who belongs to a lower income group. This insurance provides four programs namely Employment Injury, Death, Health Insurance and a provident fund type Old Age Benefit. There are just about 3.1 million members who have the Health Insurance of Jamsostek. There is also an insurance for the poor population. In 2005 a new program was started, the program is called Askeskin . Members of Askeskin pay about $ 0,55 (US) (Rp. 5.000) per month as contribution. Totally there are around 60 million members. For the basis health care and health insurance the government allocated Rp. 3.9 trillion. The benefit packages of these insurances are not very different. By example all the insurances which are discussed have a comprehensive package; there are a lot of conditions included. Valid for very insurance, maternity benefits are included. But with Askes and Jamsostek have to pay for a normal delivery. For all the insurance, prevention and health promotion are included. An annual physical check-up is included for Askes, Jamsostek and the private one but for Askeskin it is excluded. Remarkable is that for the insurance Jamsostek, cancer treatments, heart surgery, congenital diseases and renal dialysis is excluded. So those are services which are not covered. However, every insurance has its own limitations. Note that the conditions which are not included for Askeskin are set by government for many years.

Pharmacy Regulation

Pharmacy practice in Indonesia is regulated by the Ministry of Health through presidential decree no. 51/2009. The regulation stric本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。