摘要:本文是一篇旨在分析教育者对教学多动症儿童的看法的留学生论文,描写文献综述是一种展示作者对一个特定的研究领域研究的方法,包括这个领域的词汇、理论、关键变量以及它的方法和历史。
However, there is no
apparent single cause of ADHD. It has been suggested that ADHD may result from
heredity or from a vanity of prenatal or postnatal environmental factors
(Goldstein & Goldstein, 1992). Commonly suspected caused included by
environmental elements, neurological and emotional nutritional that may or may
not play a part in the development of children with ADHD (Oestreicher, 2007).
Precisely,
we will try to be more specific about hereditary and neurological variables.
Barkley, (1998) and Tannock, (1998) argue that neurological variables and
hereditary, influences have received the greatest attention in the literature.
Heredity
Tannock
(1998) has pointed out that there are strong evidences from studies that have
been carried out over the past 30 years that ADHD is more common in the
biological relatives of children with ADHD than it is in the biological
relatives of children who do not have ADHD. A positive family history of ADHD
symptoms is a common finding. In many children, one of the close family
members, like father or mother, might had or has even today the symptoms of
ADHD (Tannock, 1998). However, the relationship between the children and their
family include environmental factors too. Nevertheless, a child’s behaviour
cannot be predicted only from family history. Some hyperactive parents have no
hyperactive children, while some not hyperactive parents have children with
ADHD (Brown, 2005). Many factors determine which children will be hyperactive.
According
to Elia et al (1999), ADHD has a heritability of 0.75 to 0.91 (1.0 = totally
genetic, while 0.0 = absolutely not genetic). The possibility of a genetic
cause to ADHD is further supported by the fact that ADHD appears to exist in
families. Between 10 percent and 35 percent of children with ADHD have a
first-degree relative, who had in the past or even today the ADHD features.
Approximately, one-half of parents who have been diagnosed with ADHD will have
a child with ADHD (Oestreicher, 2007).
Twin
facts are used to estimate heritability, which measures the degree that a
disorder is affected by genetic causes. Figure 1, demonstrates heritability
facts from six twin studies of ADHD or related traits (e.g., the inattention
subscale of the Child Behaviour Checklist). These facts estimate the
heritability of ADHD to be about 0.80 present, which means that genes play a
significant role in the aetiology of ADHD. The fact that heritability is less
than 1.0 display that features of the environment are furthermore, involved in
the aetiology of the disorder. However, adoption researches of ADHD involve
genes in its aetiology. The adoptive relatives of ADHD children are less likely
to have ADHD or associated disorders than the biological relatives of ADHD
children (Cantwell, 1975 and Morrison; Steward, 1973). An adoption study by van
den Oord et al (1994), estimated that genes accounted for 47% of the
variance of inattention scores on the Child Behaviour Checklist
Neurological
Variables
According
to Anastopolous (1988), the earliest hypothesis regarding children with ADHD
was the structural brain damage that contributed to attention and behaviour
control difficulties. However, most children with ADHD do not have structura
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