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beast and become the advanced speciesindependent of the beast. Because in the process of ethical selection, the ethical consciousnessof humans began to emerge, and the concept of good and evil was gradually formed. Humanbeings who have experienced the biological selection and the ethical selection have becomerecognized human beings in the real sense.

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2.2 The Thought and Literary Basis of Ethical Literary Criticism

Professor Nie Zhenzhao believes that the emergence of art and literature originates froman ethical purpose and moral value. Indeed, it has always served the purpose of ethics sincethe existence of literature. Both the East and the West, the descriptions of society and life arealways closely combined with ethical and moral issues (Nie et al. 2007).

The thought basis of ethical literary criticism can be traced back to the ethics whichdeveloped from the Greek moral philosophy. In ancient Greece, the ethics that had sproutedfrom Democritus, and basically formed a preliminary ethics system by the development ofSocrates, Plato, Aristotle and others, and became mature in the period of Aristotle. Aristotleplays an important role in the development of ethics. Aristotle once said that “Ethics is thephilosophy of the study of human life” in his ethics book The Nicomachean Ethics. The mainobject of ethics is human behavior and character. The purpose of ethics is to achieve theperfect combination of soul and virtue by providing the people of the city-state with the normsof life and the rules of action and making a moral evaluation of their lives and behaviors.

The literary basis of the ethical literary criticism can be traced back to the Greekmythology, the Homer’s epic and the drama. Although ethics, as an independent discipline,matured in Aristotle’s time, it has embodied human ethics and morality in various literaryforms before. Greek mythology is the oldest oral literature as well as the earliest culturalcarrier of ancient Greek ethics. By analyzing Greek mythology, we can find that it hasobvious ethical tendency. Hesiod mentioned myth and legend about the origin of heaven andearth in his work Theogony. The myth and legend actually represent the understanding andestablishment of the ethical order of human society by human ancestors, and the ethical orderis the basis for the formation and development of the whole human ethical and moral concept.In the later Greek mythology, there was an alternation of imperial power from Gaia, thegoddess of the earth, who represented the relationship between men and women and marriage,to Zeus, who established a male-centered patriarchal rule.

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Chapter Three Man and Self: Confusion and Quest of Ben’ s Ethical Identity in TheFifth Child and Ben, in the World................13

3.1 The Confusion of Ben’s Ethical Identity...........................13

3.1.1 Animal Factors of Ben.................... 13

3.1.2 Human Factors of Ben.......................... 16

Chapter Four Man and Man: The Loss of Family Ethics in The Fifth Child and Ben, inthe World........................21

4.1 The Ethical Predicaments of Family Members..........................21

4.1.1 The Ethical Predicaments of Ben’s Mother....................21

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