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笔者通过对《无名的裘德》的分析，可以看出主人公的悲剧应该归为后者。为了追根溯源，哈代在小说中运用了自己的艺术手法，即宇宙反讽。通过他的探索，可以得出这样的结论：他们的悲剧是操纵食物造成的。而命运不再是古希腊人相信的无形概念。这里的命运是指人与社会制度和宗教信仰之间的冲突。具体表现为扭曲的婚姻制度、虚伪的宗教道德、不公平的教育制度。所有这些都导致了主人公的悲惨命运。

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Thomas Hardy and His Jude the Obscure

Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the most famous men of letters of his day.He has achieved recognition as both a major novelist and a major poet in the historyof world literature. In the first 60 years of his life, he lived in the 19thcentury. And allhis novels were created in this period. And later he restarted poetic creation in the 20thcentury. Spanning two centuries, he plays an important role in the preceding and thefollowing. On the one hand, he inherits British traditional culture and the criticalrealism of Charles Dickens, Mrs. Gaskell, William Makepeace Thackeray, GeorgeEliot and other realistic writers. Accordingly, in his novels, he presents the socialpanorama of the Victorian era and probes into numerous problems caused by humaninstitutions. On the other hand, his novels and poems, to some extent, embody someelements of modernism. In these works, he dissects the stranded situation of people inthe modern capitalist society. And in other words, he is the pioneer of British modernliterature. D. H. Lawrence is profoundly influenced by him. Evidently, his work Studyof Thomas Hardy (1936) indicates the importance of Hardy for him. In brief, Hardyplays a crucial connecting role in the Victorian traditional culture and modern culture.And he is the well-deserved “Shakespeare of the English novel” (Weber 226).

In the whole life, Thomas Hard goes through the rise and fall of the Victorian era(1837-1901). His childhood and adolescence cover the early and middle period of it.And his creation of novels, which expands from 1872 to 1896, mainly occupies thelate period of the Victorian era. Therefore, in this case, his creative process is closelyassociated with the Victorian social changes and its development of thought andculture.

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1.2 Literature Review

Jude the Obscure is the last novel and the most critical one written by Hardy. Atthe beginning, it serialized in the Harper’s New Monthly Magazine in December 1894and then was published in book form by Osgood, McIlvaine on 1 November 1895.Because of its sharp criticism to the Victorian society, it has been appraised since itspublication. And in the following years, the domestic and foreign critics have neverstopped studying it.

1.2.1 Studies Abroad

The studies abroad on Jude the Obscure can be divided into two stages. For thefirst stage, researches mainly concentrate on newspaper reviews. Later, to confirm thetruth of Hardy’s prophecy “Our ideas were fifty years too soon to be any good to us”(Hardy 2012: 366), along with development of western literary criticism or theory,critics have thoroughly interpreted its literary values and ideological connotationsthrough various literary critical methods in no more than fifty years after itspublication.

As soon as Jude the Obscure was published, the Victorian critics have started miscellaneous reviews upon it. The Pall Mall Gazette named Jude the Obscure “Judethe Obscene” (Millgate 369) on 12 November. On 13 November, The Guardian calledit “a shameful nightmare, which one only wishes to forget as quickl本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。