英语全球化使用趋势成因研究 [6]
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论文字数:5476论文编号:org201405251723085113语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:英语全球化the Global Use of Englishdominant languageglobalization of English世界英语
摘要:It is known that the development of a language is a step-by-step procedure. In this regard, causes cannot be overlooked. Crystal said that English appeared in the right time at the right place. The spread of English across the globe is a seismic event in the species’ history. It is one of the biggest things to happen to mankind since the dawn of language.
ocess of history in India. The first date was December 31, 1600, when the British East Indian Company was established with a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I. This company was not simply a business company in its general meaning, but a trading monopoly which represents Great Britain politically to some extent. With its increase of economic power, the East Indian Company played a very important role in British colonization of India and other nations in South Asia. The second date was February 2, 1835, when the famous Minute of Lord Macaulay was passed, which recommended the use of English in India’s education system. The third date of decision was December 16, 1967, when the Indian Lok Sabha adopted the Official Languages Act, which legalized the use of English, in addition to Hindi, for all official purposes of the Union, for Parliament, and for communications between the Union and the states. These three dates also represented the three different roles of English in India. In the first stage, English was simply used in the areas related to British trade, missionary, and politico-military activities in India. The second stage revealed the use of English in education and the last stage legalized English as an official language. It is interesting to notice that English has not been legalized in India in the time of colonization, but after independence in 1947 from the third stage. Similar stories can be heard in many other colonizes of Asia, in which English is universally used as the medium of international communication throughout the area.
English first came to South-east Asia at the end of the 18th century through the voyages of English sailors, and then by the London Missionary Society. The British Empire established many centers for the purpose of missionary work and commerce. English has come to be established throughout the region as the medium of law and administration. Besides the above-mentioned places, Hong Kong Island is also an important district where English has a special role. Hong Kong was ceded to Britain in 1842 by the Treaty of Nanjing, at the end of the first Opium War. The New Territories, which form the largest part of colony, were leased from China in 1898 for ninety-nine years. English and Chinese have joint official status in Hong Kong. English in Singapore is an official language. A bilingual system was introduced in Singapore in the 1950s, with English use as a unifying medium alongside with Chinese, and some other countries. It has a prominent status in government, the legal system, education and the media. However, in Malaysia, English is more a foreign language than a second one. Its use is restricted to international rather than intra-national purposes. English in the Philippines has an interesting mixture of American and British characteristics. After the Spanish-American War of 1898, the US gained sovereignty over the Philippines, thus enforcing the influence of American English there.
3.3.4Spread of English to Africa
The English language began to visit West Africa from the end of the 15th century. But it had not been brought to the whole West African coast until the beginning of the 18th century. With hundreds of local languages to contend with, several English-based pidgins and Creoles appeared. Nearly half of the population in these countries used pidgin or Creole English as a second language.
In 1888, the Imperial British East Africa Company was found
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