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, so speakers shouldidentify carefully and avoid falling into the “trap”. The fourth category are questionswhich it’s hard for speakers to answer clearly or journalists deliberately put obstacles inspeakers’ way to see if they can answer tactfully. It will be humorous and smart to avoidfacts and use the strategy of “brain twister”.“The linguistic art of public relations when they answer journalists’ questions”mentioned by Li Yunhan (1996), has pointed out that public relation practitioners shouldidentify what is answering along with the trend and what is answering against the trend,and relevant strategies have been summarized: outspoken method, positive countermethod, clever evasion method, invalid answer method.
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Chapter Three Methodology......... 17
3.1Theoretical bases........ 17
3.1.1 The Cooperative Principle.........17
3.1.2 The Politeness Principle............ 20
3.1.3 The relationship between the Cooperative Principle and the PolitenessPrinciple.........22
3.2 Research questions.... 22
3.3 Data collection...........23
3.4 Research methods......23
Chapter Four Pragmatic Analyze.......... 24
4.1 Violating the four maxim of Cooperative Principle........ 24
4.2 Observing the Politeness Principle.......36
4.3 Data analysis.....39
4.4 Functions of vagueness in spokesmen’s remarks............41
Chapter Five Conclusion...... 44
5.1 Main findings of the research......44
5.2 Limitations and suggestions........ 45

Chapter Four Pragmatic Analyze

As stated above, this thesis analyzed the pragmatic vagueness in Americanspokesmen’s remarks in press conferences from the perspective of the CooperativePrinciple, and the Politeness Principle. This part analyzes in detail the vagueness ofnine spokesperson’s remarks from the perspective of the Cooperative Principle and thePoliteness Principle.

4.1 Violating the four maxim of Cooperative Principle

American linguistic philosopher H.P. Grice(1975) indicates that languagecommunicators will take the cooperative attitude in accordance with the intention andthe environment of the communication, and keep some rules during the communication,which constitute the Cooperative Principle. The Cooperative Principle in detail includesfour principles: Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Quality, Maxim of Relation, and Maximof Manner. Grice(1975) considers the four principles the prerequisites for a successfulcommunication. Both parties of the communication generally will follow the four rulesand try to make each other do it too. In order to direct the conversation develop in thesupposed directions of both parties and complete the intentions of communication,people usually abide by the Cooperative Principle and its various principles inconversation. Nevertheless, in the real conversations, speakers often violate the variousprinciples of the Cooperative Principles. Sometimes speakers violate the maxim ofquality, exaggerating the facts or lying; sometimes speakers violate the maxim ofquantity, providing excess or insufficient information on purpose. sometimes speakersviolate the maxim of relation, diverging the subject of the conversation deliberately;sometimes speakers violate the maxim of manner, choosing the obscure expressions onpurpose.