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inese as well as in Russian, ‘嫁’ and ‘娶’ is not the same thing, while in English ‘marry’ means both. So the time we need to translate ‘嫁’ or ‘娶’ into English, ‘marry’ is enough.

Besides, we should avoid a tendency – to translate a verb into a verb, an adjective into an adjective, a noun phrase into a noun phrase, etc.

It is because different language has different ways of expression. In Chinese, we say ‘真讨厌’ (an adjective phrase), while in English a noun phrase ‘What a nuisance’ is more often heard than an adjective phrase ‘How annoying’. French people say ‘Quelle merveille!’ (a noun phrase), while the English say ‘How marvelous!’ rather than ‘What marvel!’. A Chinese adjective phrase ‘真好玩’ should be translated into English as a noun phrase ‘What fun’, for the adjective phrase ‘How funny’ means ‘ridiculous’. Since the root of ‘可人’ is ‘人’(person), it may seem all right to translate it into English as ‘personable’, while the appropriate version should be ‘lovable’. Sometimes, not only should a translator avoid making a verb-to-verb or a noun-to-noun translation, he should even avoid using the same hierarchical structure. Under such circumstances, we should make a change to its language structure. Let’s think about how to translate a very popular Chinese saying ‘好是好’ into English? Maybe someone will put it like this ‘(As for being) good, (it) is good.’. Unfortunately, this English version is too limited to the Chinese linguistic structure, so it can’t translate out the hidden meaning successfully. Then how to translate out its original meaning? To make a change to its Chinese linguistic structure is a good means. We can say ‘It’s good, but …’ And still to this sentence, I think we can make a good use of intonation. So the best and the most vivid translation should be ‘It’s good, but …’.

Third, different classifications in different cultures.

第三，不同文化的不同分类

Different culture has different means to classify things, either in the nature of things or in the fields of numerical expressions, weights and measure, etc.. In Chinese, although the Pingying ‘ta’ has three written forms as ‘他’ 、‘她’and‘它’, they pronounced the same; while in English, ‘he’、‘she’ and ‘it’ are totally different either in the written form or in the pronunciation. So the Pingying ‘ta’ has the different nature with either ‘he’, ‘she’ or ‘it’. Also, the Chinese character ‘桌’ means both the ‘table’ and ‘desk’ in English, and ‘虾’ means both ‘prawn’ and ‘lobster’. Even ‘车’does not only mean ‘vehicle’. So when translating, we should choose a most appropriate match to these words. For instance, ‘青’ has a wide range of meanings in Chinese. And the English version for ‘青衣’ should be ‘black dress’ while ‘青天’ be ‘blue sky’. However, sometimes it is impossible for us to do so. In England, ‘teenager’ is directed to the young men at the age of between eleven and nineteen; while in Chinese, there is not a corresponding word representing such an age group. In US, they use ‘feet’ and ‘inches’ to measure human’s height, and they use ‘pounds’ to measure human’s weight; while in China, the measurements we have are the metric system as ‘meters’, ‘centimeters’, and ‘kilograms’. In British, they have their weights and measures as ‘acre’, ‘fathenheit’, ‘pints’, ‘gallons’, ‘drams’, ‘stone’, ‘grains’, ‘ounces’, ‘miles’, ‘bushels’, ‘pence’, etc.

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