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stem whichallows the individual to temporarily hold and to operate on information in his mind. Thespan of working memory differs from individual to individual and it can be measured bythe number of discrete information a person can hold in mind at any given moment.[16]Andrade[17]pointed out that the concept of working memory was first put forwardby Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. Baddeley[18]believes that working memory is thetemporary storage of information that is being processed in any range of cognitive tasks.When it comes to a higher level of cognition as learning, memorizing, and problemsolving, people will demand a temporary information processing and storage system sothat we can preserve the activated information signals for further processing[18].Although Baddeley’s definition of working memory proposed a scientificexplanation of our memory system, yet some cognitive psychologists held that thistheory could not explain some problems. As a result, Baddeley and Hitch[18]put forwarda new concept of “working memory”, which is different from short-term memory. Theyproposed a system comprising an attention to control the component called “the centralexecutive”. The role of the central executive is to select and to operate strategies whichallow the interaction between the long-term memory and other possible slave systems.“The visuo-spatial sketchpad” and “the phonological loop” are two the major slavesystems. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is assumed to be responsible for setting up andcontrolling image, and it can be disrupted by ongoing spatial activity and thephonological loop is responsible for maintaining and controlling speech-basedinformation. Therefore, the concept of short-term memory is only regarded as a part ofthe function of working memory.
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2. 2 Eye Movement Research
Before eye movement research, it was assumed that the speed of our eyemovement while reading was constant. In the end of 19thcentury, saccade was found inreading, starting the eye movement research. When we are reading, our visual line is notmove forward constantly, yet as a saccadic way to divide the whole reading process intomany fixation stages. The movement of our eyes jumping from one fixation stage toanother is called saccade.Research on eye movement abroad consists of three stages. Initiation stage, eyemovement behavior research stage and application in cognitive psychology researchstage.Initiation Stage (the end of 19thcentury to the 1920s)In 1879, Javal from Paris University first found saccade in reading. He inferredpeople cannot obtain information while reading, only when our eyes fixed on somevisual region. It was also found that people could see about ten letters once in reading.Although his research had many shortcomings, yet it triggered the further research on eye movement.Quantz published Psychological Problems in Reading in 1897, which discussedsome issues in reading such as lip movement, saccade, reading speed, etc[27].
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Chapter 3 Research Design....... 20
3.1 Working Memory Span Test ......20
3.2 Off-line Questionnaire Investigation .....21
3.3 Eye Movement Experiment .......22
3.3.1 Subjects....22
3.3.2 Materials ........23
3.3.3 Parameters......24
3.3.4 Apparatus .......24
3.3.5 Procedures......25
Chapter 4 Results..... 27
4.1 Results from Working Memory Span Test.........27 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。