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Time is an essential and necessary factor in the narrative of a novel.Accordingto Genette,time in a novel has it's duality,consisting of story time and narrative time.Story time refers to the natural chronological order of events,while narrative timerefers to the temporal arrangement in which the story is presented in the text.In novelnarration,the narrative time can be consistent with the story time and it can alsocompletely contradict the story time,involving altering the narrative sequence,timeinterval,frequency,thereby creating a complex temporal state.Unlike naturalnarration,which follows a linear progression,unnatural narration employs non-lineartime by sometimes presenting events in reverse order.By utilizing various narrativetime techniques,authors can construct intricate structures that deepen the expressionof meaning within the text.

As a rewrite of the classic novel Robinson Crusoe,Coetzee's Foe is alsonarrative story set on a desert island,but it deviates from the conventional linearnarrative found in the original work.Foe features an inverted time sequence andrepeated events to create a unique storytelling experience.

As confirmed by Anthony Giddens,'Each culture has its standardized concept oftime'(Giddens 17).The general understanding of the time structure of the history of aparticular period is formed by the special historical,social,and cultural context ofeach period.

2.2 Repetitive Narrative Frequency

As a rewriting of Robinson Crusoe,the novel Foe not only breaks thefragmented chronological order of the original one,but also presents a completelydifferent style from it in narrative frequency.Narrative frequency refers to therelationship between the number of times an event occurs in the story and the numberof times the event is narrated in the text.Genette divides'narrative frequency'intofour types:(1)what happened once was told once in the text,(2)what happened ntimes was told n times,(3)what happened once was told n times,and(4)whathappened n times was told once.Both the first type and the second type belong to asingle style in narrative frequency.In Genette's view,the characteristic of a singletype is not that both sides appear once,but that the times are equal.The third type andthe fourth type can be regarded as a repetitive narration,which is commonly called setnarration.Defoe used a'single'narrative frequency in Robinson Crusoe,whileCoetzee used a'repetitive'narrative in Foe.

Robinson Crusoe not only adopts chronological narration consistent with thetime of the story,but also adopts a single style of narrative consistent with thefrequency of events in the story.From a macro perspective,the whole novel narratesRobinson's life experience from birth to his later years.Robinson ventured out to seawhen he was young,lived on a desert island during the voyage for 28 years,reformedthe desert island and educated the savage Friday,and was finally rescued and returnedto England.These events that happened once in real life are also told once in the textfrom beginning to end,and there is no redundant repetition.

Chapter Three The Transfer of Power Relations:Unnatural Spaces in Foe................28

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