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that his concept of alienation refers to the psychological loss of the individual self. Alienated people are alienated from themselves, alienated from society, and alienated from their interpersonal relationships. People in contemporary society often idolize interests and community norms, but they do not actually experience true happiness and growth in inner strength, thus modern people are in a state of alienation.

1.2.1 Self-Alienation of Individuals

In Fromm’s view, alienation is a subjective, emotional and psychological experience in which man deviates from himself, is unable to feel the potential power within himself and is alienated from the outside world. In contrast to Hegel’s and Marx’s theories of alienation, Fromm is more concerned with the experience of the power of human nature. Based on Fromm’s point of view, self-alienation is the individual’s experience of the power of human nature. A person’s normal psychological experience is closely related to his or her true needs, which cannot be separated from the conditions of life, i.e., human nature, or human essence, which determines a person’s true needs.

Chapter Two Self-Alienation of Characters in Tree of Smoke

2.1 Alienated Self-Perception of Characters

Concerning the discussion of alienation theory, Fromm states that an alienated person would be separated from his human nature, who is cut off from himself, his subjectivity is not reflected and he submits to external control of his own power, which lead to absence of self-perception and chaos of individual thoughts. In Tree of Smoke, the alienation of internal world could be clearly seen in the characters, the self-perception is obviously absent and the characters’ mental state is in a mess. They had to use this kind of vacuum to persuade themselves that they are connected with the outside, which helps them feel security and powerful. But as we know, it’s just a kind of delusion, their ego is cut off and the path to establish self-perception is narrowed. 

2.1.1 Absence of Self-Perception

Fromm suggests that in a capitalist society, the activities of the individual are subject to external capitalist activities, and that unemployment and war are also important factors that influence the feelings of isolation and insecurity that individuals develop. In Tree of Smoke, the first character that steps into our sight is Skip. Because Skip’s father died when Skip was a little boy, his uncle, the Colonel becomes a symbol of father and machismo. When he faces his uncle, he feels like a little girl with timid behaviors. He is not confident when he faces his uncle, just wants to find a link to other people. When he quits his normal life and steps into the land of Vietnam, an unacquainted emotion assaulted him and filled him, because he doesn’t have self-perception for himself. He cannot define his internal world, he is separated from his nature by he was a little boy, the absence of self-perception could not be reconstructed. It is difficult for him to use his potential for self-development or earn new ability to change his inherent mind. The absence of self-perception changed his inner world, he becomes an undeveloped individual, even looks like a successful officer, he has locked down his self-perception and rejects to recognize himself. Not come singly but in pairs, the absence of self-perception also shows on the C本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。