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s in 1976. These results show that ‘badnews’ always represents the interest of government and capitalists. Shortly afterwards, themodern cultural research centre of Birmingham University also makes critical analysis tonews. These researches are viewed as the prototype of critical linguistics. While the formalbirth of CDA was announced by the book Language and Control which was edited by Fowlerand Kress (1979) from the University of East Anglia. In the last chapter of the book, Fowlerand Kress introduce the notion of Critical Linguistics and state its theory origins---- SystemicFunctional Grammar and analytical method. It can be said that Fowler and Kress are thepioneers of CDA. Since then, other leading figures in CDA such as Norman Fairclough,Wodak, Van Dijk etc. successively published large numbers of books and theses about CDAtheories, which marked the gradually mature of CDA.

CDA is an approach to discourse analysis which focuses on inequality in society and theways in which texts are used to realize power and ideology. The researchers in CDA alwaysinvolved themselves in issues such as racism, sexism, colonialism and environmentalismwhich are realized by the mass media discourse. The guiding theory of CDA can be foundboth in philosophy and linguistics. In philosophy, CDA are based on western Marxism. Whilein linguistics, the guiding theory of CAD includes Sapir and Whorf’s hypothesis on therelation between language and thinking and Britain linguist Halliday’s Systemic FunctionalLinguistics.

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2.2 Studies on MDA

Since American linguist Harris proposed the notion of discourse analysis in the early1950s, linguists around the world had made great efforts to the development of it and putforwards many theories and approaches towards it. They also intended to analyze the rulesunder the discourse and the relationship between discourse and ideology. However, almost allthese researches were largely restricted to language itself, neglecting other forms (such asimages, sounds, colors and flashes etc.) of meaning making, which has made discourseanalysis far from comprehensive. MDA emerged in 1990s in the west solved this problem to agreat extent. It concerns about how semiotic resources such as language, image, sound, action,etc. are integrated as a whole to express meaning.

The multimodal discourse is very common even since ancient times, such as poemswith pictures, talking with gestures or grimaces or different tones. However, these discourseshad not been paid much attention at that time, it was only in modern linguistics researches thatpeople began to study it from the perspectives of non-language features or incidental languagefeatures as an auxiliary system of language. With the development of multimedia discourse,people in nowadays gradually realize its importance and study it as an independent academicfield.

Figure 1

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Chapter Three Theoretical Framework.............................16

3.1 Theoretical Foundation.......................... 16

3.1.1 Visual Grammar.........................16

3.1.2Appraisal Theory................................20

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