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  male”  was transmitted through biological, obstetrical, and theological tracts, and via St. Tomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae, it continues to have authoritative impact (Horowitz, 1976: 183-213). In turn,  Saint  Thomas  declared  woman  to  be  an  “incomplete  man”  or  an  “incidental”  being. Similarly, the Genesis story depicts Eve’s birth as if it were derived from Adam’s “extra” bone. Also,  Bossuet  (1990)  expressed,  humanity  is  male,  and  female  is  defined  by  female,  not  in herself but in associated with himself; female is not believed as an autonomous being. We are born male or female, but not with masculinity or femininity. In Lacan, femininity is never a mark of the subject; femininity cannot be an “attribute” of a gender. Instead, femininity is the signification of lacking, signified by the Symbolic, which is a set of differentiating linguistic rules that effectively produce sexual distinction or difference. Femininity is a ruse, a feat, “a way of enacting and reenacting obtained gender roles that manifest themselves as so many tyles of the flesh” (Butler, 1990: 11). The idea of hysteria has long been associated with women and femininity because of its Greek roots. In his examination of hysterical women, Sigmund Freud came  to  the  conclusion  that  hysteria  was  a  form  of  neurosis,  a  means  by  which  repressed unconscious desires could be articulated in the form of symptoms. He insisted that hysteria was a  psychological  problem.  Hélène  Cixous  has  re-examined  Freud’s  description  of  hysterical women, arguing that hysteria is a reaction to patriarchal oppression, and a means for women who are barred from full access to representational language in the Lacanian Symbolic realm to speak by way of their bodies in a mode destructive to the phallogocentric order. 

2.2 Mystical Female Body: Body Articulating the Profusion of Meanings

Mystical female body presented in Carter’s novels can be explained as the body which articulates the profusion of meanings. Losing yourself was one of liberation’s first moves, and it  had  a  special  charm  for  bloody-minded  women  like  Carter  and  for  gay  men  like  Barthes. Barthes expressed the desire to fine anonymity in the written word; every speech, every point of origin, is destroyed by writing. Writing is a neutral and composite space where our subjects melt away, a negative space where all identity is lost, beginning with the very identity of the body writing (2001: 3-8). The naked, exhibited female body has been a stable culture for several centuries,  with  varying  ideological  inflections.  Whilst  women’s  genitals  are  represented  to suggest a nubile fertility, their head and chest are skeleton, suggesting age. Scholars are divided on the exact role of these figures, as they may be a warning against lust, good luck charms, or part  of  pagan  ritual,  but  the  naked  female  form  clearly  exerted  both  reverence  and  fear: clergy本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。