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4),in a review in The Washington Post,regards Doerr’s work as an emotionally effective and unsentimental novel.Besides,WilliamVollmann(2014),who writes for The New York Times Book Review,thinks the novel is easyfor people to understand although the novel frequently flashbacks between different timelines.Later,more and more foreign scholars realize the academic value of this novel and they beginto study this novel comprehensively from different aspects.

First of all,there are some critics who focus on narrative techniques.Egie Danarko(2017)does research on gender narrative.He explores how Doerr portrays the status gap betweenmen and women.He thinks that Doerr’s description of people in the war is influenced bypatriarchy,so women in the novel are in a subordinate position while men are in a dominantposition.Besides,Florentina Anghel(2020)concentrates on the narrative skills and roles ofart in the novel,revealing the influence of art on character’s decision and behavior.He claimsthat the art cannot only be a tool to teach and please people,but also be an embodiment oftheir defense strategy in war.He also points out that Doerr’s narration is out of expectation.Protagonists often face unexpected events and changes that put them in opposite situationsand create crisis.In addition,some scholars do comparative researches on narrative of thisnovel.Vilja Arnsteinsdatter(2020)compares Doerr’s novel with Station Eleven,and he thinksthat the two novels both have non-linear narrative structures.He proposes that both novelscan let readers empathize with the characters through vivid narration.He thinks the novelexpresses compassion for the people at the bottom of society and reveals the little necessity ofwar through the non-linear narration.

Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundation

2.1 The Evolving of Anxiety Theory

Etymological research has shown that the word“anxiety”comes from the Latin word“angh”,which means narrow or contracting.Anxiety is described as a state of feeling nervousor worried that something is about to take place in the Oxford dictionary.Anxiety arises whenthe unclear danger comes because people are on guard against the danger,accompanied bypsychological states such as helplessness,restlessness,nervousness and worry.There are alsodescriptions of anxiety in Greek literature and philosophy.At that time,anxiety was describedas an acceptable omen,or a good omen.This sentiment was only thought to happen to somenoble people,thus anxiety was not universal.But by the Middle Ages,people tended to thinkof anxiety as an emotion that usually arose when people disagreed with others.At that time,people still had a vague understanding of anxiety and there was little systematic research onanxiety.

Systematic research on anxiety started in the late 19th century because anxiety turnedinto a universal phenomenon at that time.Anxiety research is derived from the field ofexistential philosophy.The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard has put forward the earliestanxiety theory in his book The Concept of Anxiety(1844).With the development of society,anxiety research has attracted more and more attention and the number of anxiety studies hasgreatly increased.Nowadays,anxiety theories have four major schools,which includepsychoanalysis school,humanistic school,behaviorist school and cognitive school.Thedefinition of anxiety of different scholars is not completely the same.

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