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At this respect, it should be pointed out that the founder of Penny Lane graduated from the college with the bachelor’s degree in Psychology that naturally influenced her further career and the work of the organisation she founded since she paid a lot of attention to human relations, social problems and psychology, including social psychology, which focused on relations of individual and social groups as well as interaction of social groups between each other that was very perspective in a rapidly changing society of the second half of the 20th century.
Moreover, 1960s also influenced the personality of the founder and consequently Penny Lane itself since it was the epoch when the sense of social consciousness was particularly sharp and strong. Remarkably, Ive Markovits began her career as Los Angeles County Probation and Placement Officer. Soon she got an MA in Marriage and Family Counselling and later received her licenses as a Marriage Family and a Child Counsellor. After that she has got a chance to realise her dreams since it was one of her main goals to “provide a home for deeply troubled teens about whom she had come to care deeply” (Kast & Rosenzweig 1994:401). This dream was eventually fully realised in 1969, when she started Penny Lane.

By the way, the name of the organisations was also the ‘product’ of the epoch and is quite symbolic. In fact, it was borrowed from the upbeat, cheerful Beatle’s tune that celebrated the simple joys of life. Consequently, the title underlined the purpose of the foundation of such an organisation and obviously implied that the main goal of Penny Lane was to bring joys to the life of the most deprived people, troubled teens, who were in the focus of primary attention of the organisation at that time.

Current situation and structure 现状与结构

The initial goal of Penny Lane has gradually evaluated but not radically changed and they still remained socially oriented. Nowadays Penny Lane takes care for over 1,600 abused and neglected children and youth who are still in the focus of the organisation’s attention (Robbins 2003:258). These children and youth receive a verity of services and essential help, notably the personnel of the organisation provide therapeutic residential services and what is not less important education for teenagers. Moreover, Penny Lane provides “foster family home placements for boys and girls of all ages” (Robbins 2003:277).
However, the service of the organisation gradually changes or, to put it more precisely, they enlarge and involve new categories of people. At this respect, it is noteworthy that currently Penny Lane also takes care of young adults by means of providing them with transitional housing without which the young adults would be homeless. Furthermore, Penny Lane provides outpatient mental health services for children and youth as well as their families, involving other organisations that is also very important and helpful for the development of the organisation’s principles and ideas in the society.
Another very important service suggested by Penny Lane is adoption that is absolutely essential in the situation when it is very difficult for abandoned children or orphans to lead a normal social life without family support provided by the organisation. Moreover, nowadays Penny Lane can provide new mediation services and the organisation is p