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ring  simultaneously  with the sound track on the screen.”  
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2.2 Studies on Subtitle Translation
The  first  academic  article  written  from  the  perspective  of  subtitle  translation could date back to the late 1950s and early 1960s. The article Traduction et Cinema published  in  the  periodical  of  Le  Linguiste/De  Taalkundige  in1956  and  “Cinema  et Traduction”  which  was  published  in  the  magazine  of  Bebal  in  1960  are  usually viewed as the earliest two academic researches on audiovisual translation in western countries. In the dozen years later, the study of audiovisual translation still occupied the major position. The subtitle translation developed very slowly due to the long lack of studies. Until 1974, the situation of subtitle translation was improved. The article On Subtitles in Television Programs authored by Cay Dollerup was published in the magazine—Bebal  which  was  regarded  as  the  real  beginning  of  subtitle  translation studies. This article gave an intensive study of subtitle errors a in an English TV show which  was  translated  into  Dutch  (Dollerup,  1974:53),  the  significance  of  this  study was not only revealed to readers the importance of subtitle in the field of teaching, but also as a reference for further subtitles translation studies.  In  1982,  the  word  “constrained  translate”,  for  the  first  time,  appeared  in  the article Subtitling Constrained Translation which was written by Christopher Titford. Christopher believed that subtitle translation is restricted by their own characteristics of  television  programs,  such  as  time  and  space  constraints.  He  pointed  out limitations in subtitle translation “come basically from the constraints of audiovisual work  itself”  (Titford,  1982:113).  Based  on  Christopher’s  theory,  Roberto  Mayoral Asensio  and  other  scholars  found  inspiration.  Since  then,  the  study  of  subtitle  had become more diverse. The advent of the book Lesous-titres... un mal necessaire which was authored by Lucien Marleau was greatly broadened the research ideas of subtitle translation.  In  this  article,  Marleau  provided  corrective  recommendations  to  subtitle translation from the perspective of economic factors, television companies as well as the  translators  involved  in  the  process  of  translation  instead  of  from  the  linguistic perspective (Marleau, 1982:271). 
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Chapter Three Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology ........... 20 
3.1 Overview of Skopos Theory ........... 20 
3.2 Basic Concepts of Skopos Theory .......... 20 
3.3 Three Rules of Skopos Theory........ 22 
3.3.1 Skopos Rule .......... 22 
3.3.2 Coherence Rule..... 23 
3.3.3 Fidelity Rule.......... 24 <本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。