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a, Ukraine, Slovakia and Western Europe. Completed in 1967 it has an annual capacity of about 30 bcm. Natural gas exports through this pipeline represent about 25 percent of the natural gas consumed in Western Europe and about 70 percent of Russian gas exports to Western Europe.

Northern Lights (Urengoi-Uzhgorod) is a 4,500 km long pipeline, completed in 1983, with a capacity of 27.9bcm of gas per annum. It trespasses the territory of Ukraine, where it joins the path of Brotherhood pipeline and heads in the direction of Slovakia, Austria and Germany. It transports another third of the overall gas destined for Europe.

Blue Stream is a 1,250 km pipeline that connects Russia to Turkey. It runs from the Izobilnoye gas plant in southern Russia across the Black Sea bed (at record debths of 2,150 meters below the sea level) to the Turkish port of Samsun, and onwards to Ankara. Online since November 2005, the pipeline was built with an intention to diversify Russian gas deliveries to Turkey and at the same time avoding third countries, such as Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. By 2010, Blue Stream is expected to operate at full capacity, delivering 16 bcm of gas annually. By 2025 Russia plans to export 311 bcm of gas to Turkey via this route.

Proposed Natural Gas Pipelines (Borisocheva, 2007)

EU supported gas pipelines

Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline (Turkmenbashi-Baku) is an under Caspian gas pipeline, with initial carrying capacity of 6.25 bcm, expandable to 30.6 bcm. It aims at connecting Kazakhstan to the already present BTC pipeline in Azerbaijan (thus adding additional volumes and justifying BTC economically). Further plans include onward flow of Caspian gas along the planned Nabucco pipeline. Currently at pre-feasibility stage, the pipeline could carry gas from eastern Turkmenistan, and could eventually include exports from Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. The estimated cost of the project is around $5 billion. However, due to the unresolved status of the Caspian and the opposition to any offshore pipeline by Russia and Iran, together with environmental concerns, the pipeline is not very realistic.

Nabucco is a planned 3,300km natural gas pipeline project through which it is intended to bring up to 31 bcm annually of Central Asian gas from the eastern end of Turkey, across Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary into Austria by 2020. Construction is expected to begin in 2008 and finished in 2011-13. It aims at bypassing Russia and would transport BTC gas to Central Europe. For these reasons this pipeline has a substantial geopolitical significance, and is strongly supported by the EU. However, it has encountered financial problems and lack of political will in some member states, with particular reference to Hungary, which in March 2007 announced that it had agreed to a Russian proposed extension of the Blue Stream pipeline project instead.

The Galsi Pipeline: This project, currently at feasibility study stage, envisions a creation of a 900 km natural gas pipeline between Algeria and Italy (via Sardinia). The projected capacity of the pipeline would be 9-10 bcm/year, 2 bcm of which would meet Sardinian needs only, with the rest destined for the Italian and Europ本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。