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pipeline in the long-term. Moreover, due to tensions with Belarus Gazprom failed to establish control over Beltransgaz (the Belarusian operator of the Belarusian part of the pipeline). Due to these multiple reasons it appears that the project is about to be shelved, with Russia preferring to invest in an alternative Nordstream pipeline via the Baltic Sea.

Extention of Blue Stream (Blue Stream 2) is a planned two-branch extention of the Black Sea pipeline line towards Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia and western Hungary one way, and towards Israel and Lebonon through the other. Even though the existing Blue Stream pipeline is underused, currently transporting only about 4.7 bcm/year out of the 16 bcm full capacity, the extention could raise the pipelines transportation capacity to around 30 bcm of natural gas per year. Some analysts say that this extention could open the way to a Samsun-Ceyhan link which could as a result connect Blue Stram to the BTC. Blue Stream-2 directly competes with Europe's Nabucco gas-pipeline plan, and, therefore, is received with an EU-wide concern, Hungary being an exception.

South Stream pipeline: A natural gas pipeline that, by crossing the Black Sea, would connect Russia directly to Bulgaria. It could deliver 30 bcm/year of natural gas via Bulgaria to Austria, Slovenia and Italy. Announced by Gazprom in June 2007, this project could replace previous plans to extend the Blue Stream pipeline.

Nord stream pipeline (previously North European Gas Pipeline/NEGP), would extend over 1,200 km from Vybord, Russia, on the Gulf of Finland, via the Baltic Sea to Greifswald in northeast Germany. With predicted annual capacity of 26.5 bcm of gas, the pipeline, would cost around $5.7 billion, and should be completed by 2010. The pipeline would provide Russia with a direct access to Germany, and from there on to the British Isles as well as the Netherlands. A possible spur connection to Sweden has also been considered. Moreover, the pipeline could transport gas to former transit countries: the Baltics, Poland, and other states of Eastern Europe (thus, making Germany the primary distributor of Russian gas in Europe). A second pipeline, if deemed necessary, could double the transmission capacity to 52 bcm by 2013. The main source of supply for the pipeline will be the Russian Uzhnorusskoye gas field in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. While this field alone cannot supply the entire pipeline, by the time the second branch will be completed, it will be possible to bring in gas supplies from the Yamal, Obsko-Tazovskya Bay, and Shtokman gas fields, the latter of which is estimated to contain 3.7 trillion cubic meters of natural gas. The benefits of the pipeline include the avoidance of transit countries of Ukraine and Belarus. This should, in turn, reassure the EU that the Russian relationship with the former Soviet transit states would no longer disturb Europe's gas supplies. Moreover, it would slash transit fees,www.51lunwen.org thus bringing the overall price for EU bound gas down. Consequently, Russia would also gain a better position for negotiations on transit fees for its other transit routes. The negative aspects of the project include fears concerning the ecological impact on the especially fragile Baltic Sea basin. Also, there were fears that 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。