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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2014-08-23编辑:felicia点击率:21793
论文字数:11434论文编号:org201408171129277011语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:定性参数能源价格方案qualitative parametersenergy useenergy efficiency
摘要:本文是一篇美国留学论文范文指导。1973年石油价格上涨对能源利用和能源效率产生了重要影响,尽管大部分的影响是短暂的。在2003年到2004,有效石油价格翻了一番,在这段时间内,达到50美元/桶,最近它已经达到超过90美元/桶的价格水平。本文简要分析了石油价格的影响因素,对价格危机进行了简要的分析。
Southern Europe Gas Ring Project: is a two step project which the European Union included among the top five priority developments in the trans-European energy system. It aims at connecting the natural gas pipeline networks between Turkey, Greece and Italy through first, a Turkey-Greece pipeline and then a Greece-Italy pipeline. The first part of the project, the Turkey-Greece, a 296 km natural gas pipeline that begins in Karatchabep in Turkey and runs to Komotini in Greece, was already completed in September 2007. Its current capacity of 7 bcm could be expanded to 11.5 bcm by 2012, of which 8 bcm will be delivered to Italy. Italy-Greece gas pipeline (IGI), is a 800 km undersea pipeline, that would allow Italy to diversify its gas sources and thus provide for extra regional energy security as well as increase the competitiveness of the energy market. Its construction would cost nearly $1 billion, with the works planned to commence in 2008, to be completed by 2011.
Russia supported gas pipelines
Burgas-Alexandropoulis is a 279 km gas pipeline that will run from Bulgaria's Black Sea port of Burgas to Alexandroupolis in northern Greece, thus bypassing the Bosporus. Symbolically, it will be the first Russian-controlled pipeline on EU territory, carrying Russian and Central Asian oil straight to the EU. Proposed in 1994, it was shelved until recently due to low gas prices. Now that since the prices have risen it has gained in economic rationale and agreed upon in May 2007. Its capacity would reach up to 31 bcm by the time the phase two of the project is completed. In order to fill the pipeline to its full capacity Kazakhstan also agreed to participate in providing for necessary supplies.
Pre-Caspian Gas pipeline: This pipeline will transport Turkmen and Kazakh gas along the eastern Caspian Sea coast into Russia for local distribution channels, in order to meet local Russian demand, with the rest supplementing the supplies towards the European markets. Annual capacity of the pipeline may reach 20 bcm of gas by 2012, expandable to 30 bcm. 2003 cost estimate of the pipeline was around $1 billion. Singing of this deal in May 2007 made it clear that Russia would continue to control the bulk of Central Asian energy exports.
Yamal-Europe-2: An extension project of the existing Yamal-Europe pipeline, currently under discussion. If realized, the combined annual capacity of the two pipelines would reach nearly 70 Bcm/year, with costs reaching being up to $10 billion. This project is particularly supported by Belarus, since the pipeline would be crossing its territory. However, for exactly the same reason the project is deemed less advantageous for Russia. Other factors that negatively affect the project are: a disagreement between Gazprom and Poland on the exact routing of the second branch as it travels through Poland. Gazprom aims for a route via southeastern Poland to Slovakia and on to Central Europe, while Poland wants it to pass through its own territory and then onwards to Germany. Also, Gazprom has failed to agree with Poland on the increase of its equity stake to 50 percent in EuroPolGas (the polish operator for the polish part of the pipeline) which limits Russian ability to manage/service the 本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。