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, which directs to continuous change, new organizational natural environment and management, and approach the long-term vision of ERP. Few enterprises will get into this transformation stage even they have planned.

Markus and Tanis (1999) evolved four phases form of implementation of ERP: chartering, project, shake-down and onwards and upwards. Chartering stage starts before the Bancroft et al.'s (1998) focus phase and Ross (1998) design phase. It encompasses business case development, software assortment, the appointment of project manager and the approval of budget and project schedule.

Description of their project phase alike to Ross (1998) and covering all Bancroft et al.'s (1998) activities such as “as-is” and “to-be”, construction, testing and actual implementation phases. The major undertakings of this stage are “software configuration, integration, testing, data conversion, training and roll-Out” (Markus and Tanis, 1999, p. 20). Markus and Tanis' (1999) onward and upwards phase synthesis considerably Ross' (1998), continuous improvement and stabilization phase.

Niv et al (2002) suggested and described a general form for the ERP system's implementation life cycle. The general form of ERP life cycle shown in Figure 6

Selection phase, the standard undertakings, and organization are reviewed to work out the project scopes, select system's supplier and consultants.

Definition phase, define preliminary scope encompass system components will be implemented and prepare implementation plan.

Implementation phase, implement the system, redesign enterprise processes incorporate to ERP system, conduct user training and perform user acceptance test. At the end of this stage, any alterations in the scheme are running or move toward the operation phase.

Operation phase, The ERP system handed over to business. System is in operation is maintained and upgraded if necessary.

2.1.4.3 Synthesized Models

Shanks et al (2000) combined Ross (1999) and Markus and Tanis' (1999) ERP project life cycle leads to the four phase process model, shown underneath, in the last session of the Figure 8.

The planning phase encompasses both business and technical concentration from Markus and Tanis' chartering phase and Ross' design phase respectively. The next two phases are exactly taken from Ross's model. Improvement phase encompasses both incremental and fundamental enhancement of enterprise process aligns to Markus and Tanis' onward and upward stage.

Jun (2008) proposed 3-stage model shown in Figure 7. Pre-implementation stage engages both Marcus and Tanis' (1999) chartering phase and Ross (1999) design phase mainly on business focus. More expressly, the implementation strategy recounts plan for change that ensures compliance with the corporate strategy, and characterises the organizational values and the implementation approach. ERP system and vendor services assortments are progressively essential to ensure a flawless agree between ERP system and their exact enterprise requirements. Stages of implementation encompass des本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。