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ood and evil, capable of choosing one over than other. They believe in the possibility of improvement through change. Some other cultures see people basically evil, while other see people as basically good. Societies that consider people as good tend to trust them a great deal, whereas societies that consider people evil tend to suspect or mistrust them. In high-trust societies, for example, people leave doors unlocked and do not fear being robbed or assaulted. In low-trust societies, people bolt their doors.

 

Generally speaking, what is strong in another culture will also be present in some form in your own culture. We speak of guilty cultures and shame cultures, for example: those which try to make us feel guilty for breaking rules, and those which demand public apologies and subject the miscreant to the hostiles stares of their group.

 

Hall (1976) contends that culture differ on a continuum that ranges from low to high context. Informations and rules are explicit in low-context cultures that use linear logic and a direct style of communication. In contrast, information and rules are implicit in high-context cultures that draw upon intuition and utilize and indirect style of communication. Respect is most effectively developed once we realise that most cultural differences are in ourselves, even if we are not yet recognised them. For example, Haru Yamada (1997) notes that people often think Japanese are mysterious, even unreliable. Others never know what they are feeling or thinking and they always say “yes”, even when they are negative about something. But everyone has situations in which the same happens. People might have to lie to encourage others to keep going in a difficult situation where the problem is lack of confidence.

 

Another, perhaps more interesting problem, pointed by Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952), is that of mutual empathy which happens when one person attempts to shift to another culture's perspective when at the same time the other person is trying to do the same thing and we pass each other invisibly like ships in the night. But foreign cultures have an integrity which only some of its members will abandon because people who abandon their culture become weakened and corrupt. We need foreigners to be themselves if partnerships are to work. It is this very difference which makes relationships valuable. This is why we need to reconcile differences, be ourselves but yet see and understand how the other's perspectives can help your own.

 

Types of culture

The cultural orientation framework

With the cultural orientation framework, Walker, Walker and Schimitz (2003) present another point of view on the impact of cross-cultural issues. It is based on cross-cultural comparative research studies and therefore provides a quantitative and qualitative overview on cultural dimensions. Walker e本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。