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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:学期论文 termpaper登出时间:2014-11-16编辑:Cinderella点击率:16774
论文字数:8505论文编号:org201411152134567193语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
摘要:文化是什么?一千个人有一千个答案。食物,服装,语言,生活方式,艺术,传统,生活社会的方方面面。因此,文化被看做英语当中最为复杂的一个单词。本文从跨文化理论研究的角度出发,探讨了不同国家、地区之间的文化差异,形成原因、表现和影响力。
Formal vs. Informal cultures
Cultures can also be categorized by a formal or informal approach to communication. Formal cultures value etiquette, protocol and ritualistic exchange. Characteristics of such cultures are hierarchy consciousness, dress, greetings, forms of scheduling and conduction meetings, eating and drinking, or gift exchange; communication in business tends to be more indirect. On the other hand, Informal cultures value the absence of any strict rules in communication; information is exchanged freely without boundaries (Walker et al., 2003).
Low-context vs. High-context cultures
Low-context cultures, such as Americans, German, Swiss and Scandinavian societies, place less emphasis on the context of a communication, such as implied meaning or nonverbal messages. Low-context communication is explicit: direct, clear, linear, detailed and verbal (Hall, 1976; Reynolds and Valentine, 2004; Schmidt, 2001). Based on Hall's findings, Reynolds and Valentine (2004) categorized nine aspects of low-context cultures: verbal communication is emphasized over nonverbal communication; job tasks are separated from relationships and public life is separated from private life; individual initiative, decision-making and achievement are emphasized. Furthermore, they describe employment relationships in low-context culture as mechanistic. Employees view themselves as a marketable identity and make decisions due to improvement of personal circumstances. In addition, low-context societies tend to rely more on facts, statistics and other details as supporting evidence, and they are highly sensitive to standardized data and results. They use a direct style in writing and speaking, prefer linear reasoning and adhere to the letter of the law. They rarely do business on just a handshake. A written document that is agreed upon to is indispensable (Hall, 1976; Reynolds & Valentine, 2004). To conclude, words do not need to be interpreted through the understanding of the culture; communication is straightforward.
In contrast, high-context cultures,本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。