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1.同一词类,词义有别(1)He wants to find out how and why the uni-verse works.(他想要探明宇宙为什么运动及如何运动。)(2)He needs imagination if he wants tomake hypotheses of how processes work and howevents take place.(如果他想对各种过程是怎样产生的以及各种文件是如何发生的做出假设的话,他也需要有想象力。) (3)The screw hasworked out of the joint.(螺钉从接合处脱出来了。)

2.词类不同,词义有别(1)In the presence of such supervisory equip-ment,no rounds need making from time to time.(有了这种监控设备,就不用时刻巡视了。)(2)Round the corner slowly.(慢慢转弯。)(3)The wheel turns round(轮子循环转动。)　　

二、词义引伸　　

根据语义学的观点,词的含义有内含和外延两个方面。英译汉时,我们有必要结合语言环境,透过外延看内涵,推敲领悟词义。有时要透彻理解某一词义,不仅要注意与相邻的“近境”,还需观察与之遥相呼应的“远境”。这种联系语境来理解词义的过程就是引伸意义的根据。下面主要介绍词义的转换,抽象化和具体化三种引伸方法。

(一)通过词义转换加以引伸

1.动词词义的引伸(1)Electric current comes to us alongthewire.(电流沿导线输送到我们这里。) (2)Zinc is easyto obtain from its ore.(锌易于从锌矿中提炼。)

2.名词词义的引伸(1)Excessive shaft deflection can be the deathof an otherwise well designed machine.(轴的过度弯曲变形能使一台在其他方面都设计得不错的机器报废无用。)(2)Steel and cast iron also differin carbon.(钢和铸铁的含炭量也不相同。)

3.形容词词义的引伸(1)Gear pumps may be classified into broadcategories, external and internal.(齿轮泵可分为两大类:外齿轮泵和内齿轮泵。)(2)The light inthe workshop is poor.车间里的光线不足。

4.词组意义引伸(1)Rubber is not hard, it gives way to pres-sure.(橡胶硬度不大,受压就会变形。)(2)Thehigh cost of this new product has discouraged itscommercial use.(这种新产品成本高,使之上市销售受到了限制。)

(二)通过抽象化加以引伸(1)Wedge-rolling was then a newcomer inthe U.S,so applications were not numerous.(楔子滚扎当时在美国还刚刚问世,因此应用得不很多。)(2)The Japanese went a step further,usingEHSM-a marriage of electrical stepping motors andhydraulic motors which they had performed severalyears earlier.(日本人更前进了一步,他们早好几年就制成了电液步时马达……一种电步进马达与液压马达的密切结合体。)

(三)通过具体化加以引伸(1)In its appearance the SwingingWonder is aboxlike open wooden framework approximately teninches square.(这台“奇妙摆动器”的外形象一只盒子,是大约为十英寸见方的没有盖子的木制框架。)(2)Recently an American manufacturer devel-oped a scientific demonstrator named the SwingingWonder.最近,一家美国厂商研制了一种叫做“奇妙摆动器”的教具。　　

三、词的增减　　

英汉翻译中的酌情变动调整词量,进行必要的词的增减,用与原文不同的词量来翻译原文,使译文在语义上和修辞上仍与原文保持一致,乃是弥合英汉词义差别常用的手段。

1.增加词语(1)Some of the gases in the air are fairly con-stant in amount, while others are not.(空气中有些气体的含量相当稳定,而另外的气体就不稳定。)(2)The washing machine of this type is indeedcheap and fine.(这些型号的洗衣机确实物美价廉。)

2.减少词语(1)For this reason television signals have ashort range.(因此,电视信号的传送距离很短。)(2)Air at the earth’s surface is supporting theweight of all the layers above it.(地球表面的空气支持它上方所有各层空气的重量。)　　四、词的重译　　科技文章重在叙事说理,因而特别要求表达明确具体,因此,重复某些词或词组是必要的修辞手段之一。由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,避免重复的手段也不同。往往英语中省去一些重复的词,汉译时,恰恰需要重译,否则就会造成逻辑上的混乱,文理不通。 https://www.51lunwen.org/translation/2011/1224/1913183695.html (1)Chemical changes either absorb or give offenergy.(化学变化要么吸收能量,要么释放能量。)(2)A scientist constantly tries to defeat his hy-potheses, his theories and his conclusions.(科学家经常不断地试图否定自己的假设,推翻自己的理论,并放弃自己的结论。)(3)A reversible pro-cess is one that is in equilibriumat each instant.(可逆过程是每一瞬间都处于平衡状态的过程。)　　

五、转换　　

(一)词性的转换在翻译过程中,译者无时不在寻找两种语言的对等说法。汉译时,适于词类照译的现象较少,大部分需要转换词性。

1.名词(具有动作或行为含义的)、介词、形容词转换为汉语动词(1)In the design of highway trailers, analys本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。