英语论文网

escriptive translation studies which, as anopposition of the prescriptive translation studies, sets out to reconstruct and analyzenorms instead of laying down regulations or rules. It is Toury who first propose theconcept of norms in the study of translation and formulated practical ways to identifyand classify them. (Hermans，2007:75) He distinguishes three kinds of translationnorms working in successive stages of the translation process. The preliminary normsgovern the first stage of the translation, in which the translator is confronted with theselection of the text to translate or the decision to work directly form the originallanguage or from an existing translation in another language. The second one, initialnorms are what decide the translator’s choice between the “adequacy” (target-oriented)and “acceptability” (source-oriented). The previous two translation norms would exerteffect on the operational norms which mainly work in the textual level. Operationnorms include “matricial norms that deal with the macro-structure of the text,concerning about translating all or part of the source text, making division intochapters, acts, stanzas, paragraphs and textual-linguistic norms that influence themicro-level of the text, such as the grammatical structure, the sentence patterns, wordchoice, the use of italics or capitals for emphasis, and so on.” (Toury，2001:54)Chesterman also makes his own contribution to the theorization of translationnorms but his perspective is a little different from Toury’s. Chesterman classifiestranslation norms into two categories, product norms and process norms. Productnorms are also termed expectancy norms, reflecting “the expectations of readers of atranslation (of a given type) concerning what a translation (of this type) should belike.” (Chesterman，2012:64) Process norms, also known as professional norms,regulate the translation process covering three aspects, the accountability normsrequiring the translator’s appropriate loyalty to “the original writer, the commissionerof the translation, the translator himself or herself, the prospective readership and anyother relevant parties” , the communication norm demanding that the translator should“act in such a way as to optimize communication, as required by the situation,between all the parties involved” and finally, the relation norm referring totranslation’s acting “in such a way that an appropriate relation of relevant similarity isestablished and maintained between the source text and the target text.” (Ibid)Theo Hermans’s book Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-orientedApproaches Explained provides us a comprehensive and systematic view of thedevelopment of norms by summarizing the translation norms put forward by differentscholars and gives comments on them, enabling us to better recognize and understandthem. (Hermans, 2007)1.5 The Concept of the Subjectivity of the Translator“The Culture Turn” movement was booming in 1980s, under whose influence,the representative scholars of culture-based translation studies respectively contributeto the theoretical framework of target-oriented translation studies. It signals thetendency of placing translation in the socio-cultural context of the target language,thus bringing more extratextual factors impacting on translation into focus. Literarytranslation is no longer considered as the simple shift from one language to another,constrains such as the ideology and poetics of the target culture are taken int