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ural transfer and cross-cultural event’. (Vermeer, 1996) So translation is the tunnel through which languages get communicated, which is the communication of the particular cultures, instead of the mechanical transformation between words, phrases and sentences.
By reason of different cultural contexts and cultural connotations, translation activity is much complicated Professor Wang Ning in his Cultural Studies: Towards a Reconstruction of the definition of Translation states that “…the major task of translation is to turn the cultural content in one language into another, so whether it is faithful or not largely depends on the degrees of the translator’s grasp of the two languages and the subtle difference of the cultural content expressed in the languages.” (Chinese Translators Journal, 2006) Professor Wang Zuoliang says, “when the translator is handling the words from two languages, he is, in fact, dealing with two cultures.” (Wang Zuoliang, 2000:3) These views on translation actually require the translator to be both bilingual and plural-cultural.
The translator bears the responsibility of promoting cultural communication between different cultures and nations. Therefore, it is urgent for the translator to advance cross-cultural consciousness.
2.2 The Translation Criteria and Cultural Turn in Translation Studies
2.2.1 The Translation Criteria
As for the translation criteria, translation theorists proposed different proposition. Yan Fu proposed “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”; Fu Lei held “prefer content to form(重神似不重形似)”; Zhang Peiji put forward “faithfulness and smoothness”；and the well-known American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida presented “functional equivalence” and “dynamic equivalence”. We can see that these propositions are mutual influenced, complemented and improved.
Although these theories are different in key sides somewhat, the focus is to express the original meaning and implication accurately loyally and keep the original style faithfully. Particularly, two cultures can never be completely equivalent and it is impossible to re-appear all the three meanings of the original in all translation. Thus translators need to desert the literal meaning or the image and submit to the implicit connotation when dealing with cultural clashes in translation. In a word, the implied meaning, namely to express the original meaning, is the most important.
2.2.2 The Cultural Turn
In 1990, the book entitled Translation, history and Culture by Andrew Lefevere and Susan Bassnett was published, which officially announces the cultural turn in translation studies. Hence translation studies shift its focus from the linguistic perspective to the cultural perspective.
Traditionally, translation was seen as a segment or sub-field of Linguistics, while J. C. Catford’s book A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics (1965) was perhaps the last major work written on this assumption, in which he defined translation as comprising a “substitution of TL [i.e., Target Language] meanings for SL [i.e., Source Language] meanings” (quoted in Bassnett:2000, 15) But shortly afterwards, it began to be noticed that literary texts were constituted not primarily of language but in fact of culture, language being in effect a vehicle of the culture.
Thus the translation of a literary text became a transaction not between two languages, or a somewhat mecha本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。