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nical sounding act of linguistic “substitution” as Catford had put it, but rather a more complex negotiation between two cultures.
2.3 Literal & Free Translation
Traditionally, as far as a translation method is concerned, the central concern has always been whether to translate literally or freely. Since translation is mostly inter-lingual communication in its translational sense, the main points under dispute between literal translation and free translation are actually the linguistic difference in the way of expression. A translator must decide which of the norms takes priority --- whether the cultural norms of the source language community, the cultural norms of the target language community, or perhaps a combination of the two?
Those who are in favor of the literal translation method tend to put on emphasis on certain source culture-related elements which are seen as fundamental to the essential message being conveyed by a text. Therefore in practical translating, the translator aims to preserve the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text and a maximum number of source language culture structures and words are usually borrowed and introduced into the target language culture.
By contrast, those in favor of free translation method tend to bring out the communicative aspect of language and translations. The aim of translation is to bring back cultural others as the same, the recognizable, even the familiar. The result is a greater or lesser degree of “normalization”, where all the source language culture-specific traces are made to disappear.
Different people also have different opinions of the two pairs of methods. As a matter of fact, there are similarities as well as differences between them. In order to maintain the culture elements of the source language, literal translation is usually the best way, while in order to comply with the culture norms of the target language, free translation is usually unavoidable.

Chapter Three Differences between Chinese and Western Cultures Reflected in the Languages
Culture is a historical phenomenon; every society has its individual culture. Language is part of the culture, is the carrier of culture. Cultures consist of numerous interrelated cultural orientations, which are indicated as cultural patterns. Different cultural patterns result in different aspects of cultural clashes.
3.1 Historical Cultural Difference
The historical cultural difference refers to the culture formed by the special history development process and the culture accumulated by the social heritage. Every nation and country develops differently, so the historical culture deposited from the long history definitely differs from each other. In both Chinese and English languages have formed by the historical literary idioms. These idioms, although simple in structure, carry on far-reaching significance, which are hard to understand and translate only from the literal meaning.
　Every language has colorful proverbs, idioms, they are accumulations by the people of all ethnic groups in the long-term use of language, possessing strong individuality and local color; it is also the most difficult part of the translation. In translating idioms and proverbs, it is a must to understand their implications and connotations. It needs translators to be flexible to combine the literal translation and free trans本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。