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Difficulties in translation mainly lie in two aspects: specialized knowledge and the language. For the first difficulty, there were too many specialized terms in the ST and some common words were also endowed with unusual meanings in specific contexts, causing serious misunderstanding. Moreover, the automobile-English text boasted rigorous logic, making the translator who didn’t major in autonomous driving difficult to understand the technology layout. For example, in the ST, when the vehicle encounters an emergency, the autonomous control system will be replaced by the auxiliary control unit. During this process, the judgment of emergency, the response of the control system, and the different sensors all influence the final vehicle action in different orders. For the second difficulty, some shifts in this theory are too common to notice. For example, intra-system shifts usually occur among common words like “methods”, “functionality”, and “equivalent”. And class shifts are so natural to be used that the translator may not notice. In the beginning, the translator was incapable of applying the theory to proper cases on account of poor understanding of the theory. But as he delved more into the theory, this difficulty was gradually overcome.

3. Translation Shift Theory..................9

3.1 Introduction of the Theory.........................9

3.2 Study of the Theory.............................9

3.3 Application of the Theory..........................10

4. Case Study of Category Shifts..................................12

4.1 Structure Shifts....................................12

4.1.1 Shifts between Passive Voice and Active Voice....................12

4.1.2 Shifts between Positive Voice and Negative Voice........................13

5. Conclusion..........................24

5.1 Findings and Implications...........................24

5.1.1 Findings...................................24

5.1.2 Implications.................................25 

4. Case Study of Category Shifts

4.1 Structure Shifts

Structure shifts are shifts in the language structure (Yan Kui, 2013). As the most common category shifts, structure shifts occur at all language ranks. People from different cultures recognize the world in different thinking patterns. Therefore, the translator should figure out the meaning of the ST and express it in terms of the language habit and the thinking pattern of the TL. In automobile-English text translation, structure shifts usually include passive voice and active voice shifts, positive voice and negative voice shifts, subject-prominence and topic-prominence shifts, and prepositive attributes and postpositive attributes shifts. 

4.1.1 Shifts between Passive Voice and Active Voice

Example 1: 

ST: One or more aspects described herein may be implemented using programmatic modules or components. (0010) 

TT: 可使用编程模块或组件实现本文所述的一项或多项功能。

Analysis: The passive voice is widely used in the automobile-English text, making it objective and convincing. But for Chinese readers, the passive voice, mainly represented b本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。