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Subtitle translation has been a hot topic in translation studies for the past fewyears.There is no doubt that subtitles of films become significant research subjects.How to translate films is a long-term question.

2.1.1 Definitions of Subtitles and Subtitle Translation

Before reviewing previous studies on subtitle translation,it is necessary to figureout what subtitles and subtitles translation truly are.

In the modern sense,at first,subtitles especially referred to film subtitles whichwere caused by the development of the film industry(Ivarsson,2004:4);nowadays,subtitles are used more widely,not only for films,but also for televisions and stagedramas.Mostly,subtitles are placed in the middle of the lower part of the screen,while in some countries,subtitles are positioned on the right vertically.The functionof subtitles is to convey information,but unlike words in the printed books which canbe referred to without restrictions,subtitles have constrained time and space to stay onthe screen(Li Yunxing,2001:39).And this feature leads to a limitation of subtitletranslation.

Subtitle translation is“a translation practice that consists of presenting a writtentext,generally on the lower part of the screen”,which tries to convey“the originaldialogue of the speakers,as well as the discursive elements that appear in the image(letters...),and the information[...]on the soundtrack(songs...)”(Díaz Cintas&Remael,2014:8).According to the definition,it is clear that subtitles should synchronize with the soundtrack as well as the frames,otherwise,the audience cannotfollow the plots or understand the film without troubles.

2.2 Previous Studies on Subtitling Culture-loaded Terms

Usually,only people who understand the culture can understand the terms withthose cultural concepts.Therefore,the words are meaningless to TL speakers if theyare not translated properly.The situation is similar when culture-loaded terms are notaddressed successfully,because at that time,for the audience,subtitles are fragmented,and connotations are missed.In this section,the previous studies on subtitlingculture-loaded terms abroad and at home are reviewed,for digging out the history,thefocuses of the studies and limitations of them.

2.2.1 Previous Studies Abroad

Subtitle translation is a constrained translation.The history of the study ofsubtitle translation can be traced back to the 1980s.Long before the concept of filmtranslation was put forward,Titford(1982:113)mentioned the concept of constrainedtranslation for the first time,and considered that the main translation problems facedby subtitles“derived from the constraints imposed on the translator by the mediumitself”.At first,the research on subtitle translation was not accepted by scholars.UntilReiss put forward that there is another type of texts coexisting with other symbolsystems,which is the audio-medial text type and deserves to be studied,more scholarsconsidered studies on subtitle translation as translation studies(Deng Weibo,2018:49).

Chapter Three Theoretical Framework.......................15

3.1 Introduction to Eco-translatology...........................15

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