英语论文网

he water to remove the contaminant;
4. Find and develop a new water supply.
[3] Steps 1 and 2 on water testing were presented to participants in the initial six-hour meeting. The first correspondence lesson also covered water testing. The six remaining correspondence lessons addressed each of the options for solving water quality problems. Water treatment was divided into three lessons; disinfection, treatment of nuisance waters, and removals of toxins. The final lesson and final meeting covered the development of new water supplies. Each written lesson contained reading material, references, teaching materials, questions, calculations, and exercises.
[4]Agents taking the water quality correspondence training were required to return assignments each month to remain enrolled in the program. Letters of encouragement were sent to delinquents. At the end of the program, extension agents who completed the program received certificates. A list of graduates was distributed to extension administrators, faculty, and staff.
Evaluation Methods
[5]The participants were tested to evaluate the extent of learning. Simple tests were constructed of true/false, multiple choice, and fill-in-the-blank questions to address the important aspects of the program using methods described by Ary et al. (1990). A written pretest was administered at the beginning of the first meeting. A post test of similar but different questions was administered at the end of the closing meeting. The purpose of the pretest was to measure the previous knowledge of the participants. The participants may also learn the subject matter from the pretest, become familiar with the testing approach and therefore be less anxious when taking the post test.
[6] The post tests were used to measure the increased knowledge and skills of the participants following the inservice. The post tests also served to reinforce the most important aspects of the training and helped illustrate to the participants and instructor where additional study may be required.
[7] Acquisition of new skills was evaluated using practicum exercises and demonstrations. Following instruction in how to interpret a test report each participant was given a water test report and asked to write their interpretation. After being taught how to collect a water sample, five agents were selected at random and asked to collect a water sample for the instructor.
[8] The teaching activity of the agents was measured through their monthly assignment reports.
分析：
例2比较详细地描述一个函授培训班的管理、教学与评估方法。第1～4段为管理与教学方法。篇章的布局模式基本上是先后顺序与步骤式，即按照培训班的三个主要阶段的先后顺序来安排文章的结构。
第5～8段介绍培训班学习效果的评估方法。共采用三种方法进行评估。第5～6段介绍对主要教学内容的整体评估方法，也就是将pretest(培训前测试)与posttest(培训后测试)相结合的方法。第7段和第8段分别介绍教学过程中单项技能评估方法。
7.1.1 描述方法时的语言特点
采用被动语态的过去式是描述实验方法与过程时最典型的句子结构特点。这并不是科技英语写作中的什么规定或者原则，而是因为在描述实验过程或方法时，句子中的主题或中心是实验材料、场地和方法本身，表达“做了什么”、“怎么做的”之意，而不是表达“谁做了什么”。因此，在描述方法时，常将实验材料或受试者作为主语，谓语动词自然要用被动语态。我们可以利用例1和例2中的句子加以说明。

例3中的句子都摘自例1“Materials and Methods"部分，句中的动词都用了被动语态的过去式：
例3
a. …entire purple loosestrife plants were harvested …
b. Shoot sections of 5, 10, and 15 cm lengths mere