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ferences and generate anxieties amongpeople.The factors such as laws,rules,classes and the differences which are used todefine cultural division will gradually disappear and the culture will also be eclipsed.The lack of cultural differentiation will lead to a confusion,which is the backgroundof persecution.Therefore,a social or cultural crisis is logically and chronologicallythe first stereotype of persecution.

The accusation of the troublemaker’s crime is regarded as the second stereotype.When facing with the social or cultural crisis,people clearly feel powerless and arepanic about the immensity of catastrophe.Influenced by this,people are eager to finda settlement of problem and a reason to explain this crisis,it is easy for people toconclude that someone must commit some severe crimes and thus bring about thiscrisis.According to Girard,people always inevitably turn to blame the whole societyor a person with peculiar features who is harmful,rather than blame themselves.Inthis way,the interpersonal relationship will tend to collapse.

Chapter Two Social and Cultural Crisis as Background

2.1 Social Disturbance for the War

Afghanistan is always an unstable area which is full of disasters throughout thehistory on account of not only the ethnic conflicts but the threat from other countries.Afghanistan has more than 30 nations which are mainly consisted of Pushtu,Hazara,Tajik and Uzbek.As different nations have their own religion,belief and ways of liferespectively,conflicts among the nations exist all the time.Located in the middle ofAsia,Afghanistan possesses an important geographic position where it connectedmany countries in Asia and Europe.It is the center of trading and an important path ofnomadic tribes.For the sake of this,Afghanistan becomes an important strategic areaand faces many threats from other countries.In 19thcentury,Afghanistan is the bufferzone between British Empire and Russian Empire.After the third Anglo-Afghan warin 1919,it got rid of the control of British Empire and emerged as the independentKingdom of Afghanistan.In 1979,Afghanistan was invaded by the Soviet Union andsince then,the political situation became more turbulent and Afghanistan wasdominated by the extensive warfare,including coups,invasions,insurgencies andcivil wars.The story happened in A Thousand Splendid Suns has a long-time span.Itstarted when Mariam was born in 1959 and ended when Laila came back to Kabul in2003.It is clear that both Mariam and Laila lived in an extremely turbulent era inAfghanistan.

Throughout history,the only truth is that the victims of war are always civilians.Conflicts or wars are always the game of power-holder.In A Thousand Splendid Suns,Khaled depicted the situation of civilians and the turbulence of society in detail.Atthe beginning,wars or political conflicts is not so close to civilians.When Mariamwas nineteen years old,a political figure was murdered and a large demonstration wasbroken out in Kabul.Mariam and her husband get the information of war only fromthe radio.The battle field is still far from their living place.

2.2 Inequality in Society

In A Thousand Splendid Suns,there are two kinds of social relations in crisis.Onthe one hand,the gap between the upper class and lower class is huge.On the otherhand,with the long-term physical and mental repression to woman and the influenceof advanced thoughts from the 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。