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n the former process. Based onhis translation theory of hermeneutics, Steiner regards translation as “the act ofelicitation and appropriative transfer of meaning” (2001, p.312). And he describes thetranslation process as the hermeneutic motion which consists of four moves includinginitiative trust, aggression, incorporation and compensation (Jeremy Munday, 2016,pp.251-252).

According to Newmark, the process of translating “begins with choosing amethod of approach”, and then should “translate with four levels more or lessconsciously in mind” (2001, p.19), including the level of language, the referentiallevel, the cohesive level and the level of naturalness. The final stage of translating isrevision, by which the translator constantly try to improve the quality of translation.As a matter of fact, Newmark’s description of translating process is operational andpractical. Here, combining this translation practice, the author divides the translatingprocess into three stages which are pre-translation preparation, translation proceduresand proofreading after translation as follows.

Chapter Two Compensation Theory

2.1 Necessity of Compensation

Generally speaking, the translation loss is the premise of compensation. RobertFrost once said that “poetry is what gets lost in translation”, which is frequentlyquoted by scholars to illustrate the inevitability of translation loss in poetry or literaryworks at large. According to Ian Higgins, translation loss refers to “any feature ofincomplete replication of the SL in the TT” (1992, p.232). Actually, loss is aninevitable result of translation activity, which is not limited to literary translation.

Analyzing the reason of translation loss occurring is of importance to understandthe necessity of compensation. Nida once said that, “Since any two speakers have noabsolutely identical referential meaning and associative meaning to the samevocabulary, grammar and discourse feature, loss and distortion always exist inlanguage communication” (2001, p.87). In fact, the translation loss is mainly resultfrom the disparity on the linguistic system and cultural background among differentlanguage. To be specific, different languages has their own conventions of usage at thelexical, syntactic and cultural aspects, as well as language features.

Firstly, it is often that vocabularies in the SL cannot be found equivalent words inthe TL. In terms of meaning of words, the conceptual meaning and connotativemeaning are different in different languages. Take English and Chinese as an example.In Chinese, there are different words to call patrilineal elders such as “伯父, 叔父,姑父, 姨夫, 舅舅”, while in English all these elders are called by a word “uncle”.Evidently the loss occurs as a result of the non-equivalence of conceptual meaning atlexical level. Besides, differences in connotative meaning of word are also theimportant factor leading to translation loss at lexical level. For example, “龙” in Chinais the representative of mascot, symbolizing blessing, while its corresponding word“dragon” in western mythology is the representative of devil, suggesting misfortune.

2.2 Origin and Development of Compensation Theory

From the 1960s to 1970s, the words related to compensation, such as“compensation, compensatory a本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。