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nd compensate”, were mentioned in other translationtheories. As early as in 1964, Nida put forward the term of compensation whenelaborating the characteristics of written style in his book Toward the Science ofTranslating (2001, pp.124-125). However, he did not state compensation specially.Later in The Theory and Practice of Translation in 1969, Nida and Taber began todiscuss compensation and advocated to use corresponding idioms in TT tocompensate the translation loss. Afterwards, other scholars also talked aboutcompensation.

In his book After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation published in 1975,George Steiner considered compensation as a step in his hermeneutic motion oftranslation consisting of trust, aggression, incorporation and compensation. Hedeemed that the violent aggression and incorporation of the translator would “leavethe original with a dialectically enigmatic residue” (Steiner, 2001, p.316).Unquestionably, this practice would lead to a certain loss of the ST or amplificationfor the target text. Therefore, he point out the means of compensation should be takento strive to reduce the loss and restore the balance between ST and TT (Steiner, 2001,pp.312-316). However, he did not explore deeply how to achieve this kind ofcompensation.

Chapter Three Case Study........................ 26

3.1 Compensation at Lexical Level.................................26

3.2 Compensation at Semantic Level.......................32

3.3 Compensation at Cultural Level...................................37

Conclusion........................ 50

Major Findings................................. 50

Limitations................................51

Chapter Three Case Study

3.1 Compensation at Lexical Level

As a smaller unit of linguistic system, lexemes is easy to be effected by theco-text and context of situation, any change in one of which will lead to the variationof lexical meaning (Xia Tingde, 2006, p.202). According to Nida, lexemes havedesignative meanings and associative meanings. He argues, “The designativemeanings represent referents in the practical or linguistic world, while the associativemeanings represent the values and attitudes resulting from the use of lexemes indiscourses” (Nida, 2001, p.30). He further explains, “The associative meanings of alexeme are derived primarily from the contexts (both cultural and linguistic) in whichsuch lexemes habitually occur” (Nida, 2001, p.31). Thus it can be seen that themeanings of lexemes are mutable, effected by different contexts and the linguistic andcultural discrepancies between two different linguistic systems. As a result, it is likelythat some words in the source language can not be found equivalents in the targetlanguage. Accordingly, the meaning loss at lexical level often occurs. In order toavoid or minimize such loss, it is necessary to compensate by some means, including but not limited to the methods as follows: specification, transposition and extension.

3.1.1 Specification

Specification is the method to convert the superordinate word to its hyponymaccording to the referential objects in actual situation, or to transform generalconcepts into concrete concepts (Xia Tingde, 2006, p.205). In fact, from th本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。