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slators should not only respect the original text, but also not be afraid of theoriginal text. If the content of original text is difficult for target language readers tounderstand, translators should properly rewrite the original text. To a certain extent,translation is betrayal.

Chapter Three Overview of Rewriting Theory.............................. 17

3.1 Cultural turn in translation studies......................................... 17

3.2 Andre Lefevere and his Rewriting Theory...............................18

3.3 Three constraints of Rewriting Theory.................................... 19

Chapter Four Influences of Three Constraints of Rewriting Theory on Target LanguageSelection in Wolf Totem................. 22

4.1 Ideology and its influence on target language selection in Wolf Totem............................22

4.1.1 Influences of American readers’ special curiosity to Chinese culture on target languageselection in Wolf Totem..........22

4.1.2 Influences of independence and freedom cherished by America on target languageselection in Wolf Totem........................23

Chapter Five Translation Strategies and Rewriting Methods for Culture-loaded Expressionsin Wolf Totem..............27

5.1 Classification of culture-loaded expressions in Wolf Totem.......................... 27

5.1.1 Expressions about Great Cultural Revolution.................................28

5.1.2 Expressions about Chinese allusions and idioms..................... 30

Chapter Five Translation Strategies andRewriting Methods for Culture-loadedExpressions in Wolf Totem

5.1 Classification of culture-loaded expressions in Wolf Totem

Language, the carrier of national culture, can transmit culture and information. In addition,language also reflects cultural differences among different nations. Word is the basic unit oflanguage, and it makes up sentence, paragraph and language, so cultural differences are reflectedmainly by word. The word with culture-specific term is the so-called culture-loaded word. Wordis an important cultural symbol and a carrier of culture and information. Although quite a fewwords themselves carry specific cultural information, some words are not culture-loaded words.Culture-loaded words are an important carrier of a nation’s culture. Liao Qiyi thinks “Thatculture-loaded words are the signs of specific culture words, phrases, idioms and allusions. Thesewords can reflect the unique life styles of the specific ethnic groups in the process of culturalaccumulation” (2000, p.232). Culture-loaded words are also known as culture-specific words,vocabulary blanks, semantic vacancy, culture-vacant words and so on (Liao, 2000).

Any nation with language has its own culture-loaded expressions that deeply reflect anation’s unique history and culture, social system, customs, and production and life.Culture-loaded expression is an important window to understand a nation, but also a concreteembodiment of the national culture in language. Culture-loaded words can be seen as theconcentrated essence of the national language, which requires translators to make every effort to

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