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Additionally, the translator combines this translation practice with the translation theory. After continuous summary and reflection, the translator can further improve translation skills. At the same time, the translator gains more knowledge about IoT and cultivates relevant scientific literacy. 

Chapter 2 Theoretical Basis

2.1 Introduction to Catford’s Theory of Translation Shifts

The study of “translation shifts” begins in the 1950s with the book Stylistique comarée de francais et de l’anglais: Méthode du traduction, written by Jean Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet. They put forward two translation strategies: direct translation and indirect translation. Direct translation includes borrowing, calque and literal translation, while indirect translation is divided into displacement, modulation, equivalence and adaptation. “Vinay and Darbelnet then discuss the specific application of these seven translation methods (borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation) in vocabulary, syntactic structure and information, further distinguish the possible inconsistencies between the source language and the target language.” (Li Dechao, 2005: 95). Vinay and Darbelnet don’t explicitly put forward the concept of “translation shifts”, but their classification of translation process and comparison of differences between source text and target text are similar to the “translation shift”.

In A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Catford puts forward the concept of “translation shift” for the first time and specifically discusses it. The central argument of the book is the translation equivalence. He first discusses the nature and equivalence, and then discusses the translation characteristics from the aspects of “form”, “equivalence”, “transfer” and different levels of language (such as phoneme, glyph, grammar and vocabulary). In the book, he distinguishes the concepts of “textual equivalence” and “formal correspondence”. “Textual equivalence means that any target text or part of the target text becomes the equivalent component of the original text or part of the original text on a specific occasion” (Catford, 1965:27). “Formal correspondence means that any target language category (unit, category, structure, structural elements, etc.) occupies the same position in the economy of the target language as the source language category occupies in the source language” (Catford, 1965: 27).

2.2 Level Shifts and Category Shifts

The shift originates in Catford’s A Linguistic Theory of Translation, where he devotes a chapter to the subject. In discussing the translation shifts, Catford borrows from Halliday’s systemic functional grammar and its classification of linguistic “levels”. The systematic functional grammar has three basic levels (form, entity, and context), four basic categories (unit, structure, category, and system), and three scales (rank, exponence, and delicacy). Catford’s translation shift theory mainly draws from the two levels of grammar and vocabulary, and the four grammatical categories of unit, structure, category, and system (Mu Lei, 1990).

“Level shifts refer to the original language unit at one language level with translation equivalent components at different language levels” (Catford, 1965: 73). Phonology, graphology, lexis and grammar all belong to d本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。