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ifferent language levels. Since there is no conversion between graphology and phonology, neither of them can be converted with lexis and grammar, but lexis and grammar can be converted with each other (Catford, 1965). Therefore, “level shifts” mainly refers to the conversion from grammar to lexis or from lexis to grammar. This conversion is very common in translation.

Theoretically, the premise of level shifts is embodied in that English has some special characteristics that Chinese does not have, such as tense, voice, modal of verbs and so on. Therefore, in the process of translation, there are no expressions that are equivalent to the changing forms of English at the grammatical level. In E-C translation, the grammatical items of one language can be transformed into the lexical items of another language. Specifically, if there are changes in the grammatical level in English, translation skills should be adopted, such as amplification, omission, inversion, division and so on, to convey the grammatical meaning in the original text. For example, “have/has done” is used to express the present perfect tense in English. If there is no corresponding tense in the grammatical level in Chinese, it is necessary to switch to the lexical level and add the words “了”, “过”, “已” and so on; “Present continuous tense” is expressed by the Chinese word “正”, which is the transformation from grammar to lexis. 

Chapter 3 Translation Process ................... 9

3.1 Pre-translation Preparations ................................. 9

3.2 While-translation Stage ................................. 10

Chapter 4 Case Analysis ............................. 12

4.1 Translation Methods of Level Shifts .................................... 12

4.1.1 Shifts of Singular and Plural Expressions ............................... 12

4.1.2 Shifts of Tense and Aspects ............................ 13

Chapter 5 Conclusion ........................... 27

5.1 Major Findings ................................... 27

5.2 Limitations and Prospects ................................ 28

Chapter 4 Case Analysis

4.1 Translation Methods of Level Shifts

According to Catford’s book, “level shifts” mainly refers to the transformation from grammar to vocabulary or from vocabulary to grammar. There are two main types in E-C translation texts: the shifts of singular and plural expressions as well as the shifts of tense and aspects.

4.1.1 Shifts of Singular and Plural Expressions

There are differences in expressing singular and plural words between Chinese and English. English is expressed by adding suffixes like “es, s”. While Chinese by adding modifiers, such as: “这些” “各种” “们” and so on.

Example 1 

ST: The secret behind this technique is physical structure, hand weight, finger tips’ size, and neuro-physiological and neuro-psychological factors reflecting on the computer keyboard which discriminate the gender and age group of the users.

TT: 这项技术背后的关键是手的骨骼结构、手的重量、指尖的大小，以及反映在计算机键盘上的神经生理和神经心理因素，这些方面都可以用来区分用户的性别和年龄组。

Example 2

ST: Researchers say that digraph time is the most elementary timing feature in keystrok本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。