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提到“疾病”一词,我们不会陌生,而且马上能想到dis-ease,illness等词,但是在翻译中可以译成“疾病”这一概念的词却远不止此。比如常用词condition通常是指“情况”或“条件”,然而在一定的上下文也可译为“病”。如a heart condi-tion是“心脏病”,或者the condition(=the disease )用于代表前面提到过的病,译成“本病”。甚至像entity (通常作“实体”解)这样的词,在医学翻译中有时也可译成“病种”,如asingle clinical entity“单一的临床病种”。诸如此类,不一而足。现在扼要介绍如下。
1.1 disease 是各种病的一般术语,特指长期、慢性、沉重并能引起机体变化的病。如:an acute (a chronic) disease急性(慢性)病。Measles ,mumps and influenza are commondiseases .麻疹、腮腺炎和流感是常见病。
1.2 illness 普通用语,不论病程长短,病势轻重均可用之。Is there much illness(=sickness)in that village this winter?今年冬天那村里有什么疾病吗? A bad illness like a throatinfection leaves one weak afterwards.咽喉感染一类严重疾病患过之后使人虚弱。
1.3 sickness 在医书中不如disease和illness用得那样多。如:absence because of sickness因病缺席;sickness insur-ance疾病保险;It is a strange sickness for which no cure isknown.这是一种无法治疗的怪病。
1.4 condition “病”。医书中常用于指上文提到过的病,译成“本病”,如:This condition is characterized gastroscopicallyby…从胃镜检查来盾,本病的特点是……
1.5 trouble 是一种疾病、疼痛或机能不良状态。口语或医书中都用。常用在: liver(eye, heart)trouble肝(眼、心脏)病;mental trouble精神病。
1.6 affection 指任何病理状态,“疾病”或“病变”等。如:primary (secondary)affection原发(继发)病;various skin af-fections各种皮肤病。
1.7 ailment 是“轻病”,但常是慢性病,可身体某处功能失调,“微恙”,如: a common ailment常见病;women' s ail-ments妇科病;minor(mild)ailments小病。
1.8 indisposition 指“不适”,“小病”,“轻病”。如:recoverfrom one' s indisposition小病痊愈。
1.9 complaint 指“病”,或是身体上的“小病”,“不适”。如:a heart(liver)complaint心脏(肝)病;childish complaints小儿常患的疾病;He has complaint in the chest.他胸部不适(他胸闷)。
1.10 disorder “轻病”,“(身心、机能的)失调”。如:sufferfrom(a)stomach disorder患胃病;a nervous disorder神经错乱;a circulatory disorder循环系统疾患;symptoms due todisorders of the liver肝脏疾患所引起的症状。
1.11 malady 是一种疾病的或不健康的、病态的状况,可指身体上也可指精神上的“病”。如:an incurable malady不治之症;a social malady社会的病态(弊端,歪风);spiritualmaladies道德败坏。
1.12 lesion “(因受伤或疾病引起的身体上的)损害”,“疾病”,“病变”。如:periodontal lesion牙周损害;vascular lesionwithin the skull颅内血管疾病;a typical lesion of bacterialendocarditis细菌性心内膜炎的典型病变。其他如disturbance,entity等词也都有“病”的意思,就不再一一赘述了。

2 “患病”的英语表达方法

2.1 be ill(with) “有病了”,“病了”。表示“患病”的状态。例如: She has been ill for three days.她已病了三天了。Tomwas ill with a heart attack.汤姆患了心脏病。
2.2 fall ill(with) “害病”,“生起病来”。主要说明生病的变化状况(美国英语中用fall sick)。例如:Her brother fell illwith pneumonia yesterday.她的兄弟昨天得了肺炎。Tell hershe had better not overwork herself,in case she should fallill.告诉她不要过度劳累,以免生病。与fall ill同义的还有become ill(of)(属书面语),be taken ill(美国人常用),get ill(sick)(特别是在口语里,与get well“好了”相对应)。例如:She became ill of a nervous disorder several days ago.几天前她患了神经错乱症。He was suddenly taken ill.他突然病了。Henry gets very ill.亨利病得很厉害。
2.3 make sb ill,make oneself ill “使……生病”;“因……而得病”,说明致病的原因。如:This meat makes me ill.这肉使我害病。He made himself ill by constantly drinking.他因常饮酒以至生病。
2.4 catch(get,take,have)等加在疾病名前,表示“染上……病”,多有于口语中。书面语中常用be attacked by(with)或be affected by(with)。例如: I didn' t catch(get,take)influenza.我没染上流行性感冒。The Frenchmancaught a bad cough.那法国人咳嗽得很厉害。have a cold伤风了(catch a cold着凉),have a headache患头痛,have atoothache患牙痛,have a stomach-ache患胃痛。He was at-tacked by influenza.他得了流行性感冒。Once a man is af-fected by the common cold,he usually suffers from coughand fever.一旦得了感冒,通常会咳嗽、发烧。
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