英语论文网

从秦皇汉武的东巡封禅到乾隆皇帝的六次登岱；从孔夫子登临的感叹到李白，杜甫的千古诗篇；还有2200多年前的秦石刻，大字如斗的经石峪；错落分布的宫殿庙宇；比比皆是的古木题刻……悠久的历史，灿烂的文化，自然景观与人文景观的和谐统一，正是这些，吸引着中外游人络绎不绝地前来观赏。 “With the characteristics of a long history, a splendid culture and the harmonious integrity of natural landscapes and historical relics, Mount Tai attracts tourists from all over the world. You will realize these from the frequent visits of emperors, emotional sighs of Confucius, verses of poets, stone sculptures of 2200 years ago, and well-arranged temple and archways. Well welcome to Mount Tai.” In this example, the Chinese version is well written for Chinese readers by exploiting allusions and parallel structures. The allusions, terse in form and profound in contents, involve emperors such as Qin Shi Huang (the first emperor of Qin Dynasty(221-206BC)) and Han Wu Di of Han Dynasty(202BC-8AD), great poets like Li Bai and Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty(618-907AD) and the sage Confucius. Since the source text, an introduction to Mount Tai, is of persuasive and informative function, the target text would be too long and verbose with the explanations of the historical culture of China, if all these allusions are translated literally. Therefore, the translator rewrites the source text so as to maintain the fluent and appealing effect of the target text by simplifying the historical allusions and omitting some historical figures. For instance, the parallel structure of the allusions “从秦皇汉武的东巡到乾隆皇帝的六次登岱；从孔夫子登临的感叹到李白、杜甫的千古” is rewritten as “You will realize these from the frequent visits of emperors, emotional sighs of Confucius, verses of poets…”. In addition, an invitation of “Well welcome to Mount Tai” is added to the end of the English version to reinforce the promoting and appealing power to the text. 5.7 Politeness principle Politeness principles are employed to gain a successful communication. The following statements are Leech’s maxims of politeness which are considered as a complement to Grice’s cooperative principles: (1) Tact maxim: Minimize cost to others. Maximize benefit to others. (2) Generosity maxim: Minimize benefit to self. Maximize cost to self. (3) Approbation maxim: Minimize difference between self and other. Maximize accordance between self and other. (4) Modesty maxim: Minimize praise of self. Maximize dispraise of self. (5) Agreement maxim: Minimize difference between self and other. Maximize accordance between self and other. (6)Sympathy maxim: Minimize antipathy between self and other. Maximize sympathy between self and other. (Leech, 1983:132) In cross-cultural and cross-linguistic communication, speakers should be aware of certain polite norms, otherwise, pragmatic failure will be caused. Let’s examine the following example: Original text:…昭陵六骏是唐太宗李世民为纪念他征战时骑过的六匹骏马，在修建昭陵时诏令雕刻的。…其中“飒露紫”和“拳毛剐”二匹骏马1941年被美国人毕士博盗走，现存费城宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆。 Translated text: “The six stone horses were sculpted when Zhaoling Maosoleum was built by the order of Emperor Li Shimin in memory of the six horses which served him in wars. Two of them, known as “Saluzi” and “Quanmaogua” were stolen by an American in 1914. They are now kept at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.” Though this version is loyal to the original text, it’s against the history. As a result, an American visitor, who was quite angry with this version, showed a receipt to prove that the two stone horses were bought, not stolen. He insisted that the inappropriate part of the version be revised. In the law-ruling society, everybo