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em in Chinese is a thorny task as a result of clear distinctions between two languages. As for translation of reference and conjunction, there is no strategy that holds true for universal application. One should be flexible enough for better choices. Meanwhile, the translation shouldn’t violate the established language rules and tries to be idiomatic. 

In terms of reference, “It is a ubiquitous phenomenon both in Chinese and English” (赵春华,  2007:  56-58).  Given  the  common  features  and  distinctions  between  two languages, several translation methods are practical. Firstly, if the personal pronouns are reiterated many times, they are not a must in the Chinese version. Besides, when the referential object fails to be traced easily, the pronoun should be substituted by  the object  to  keep  away  from  misinterpretation.  There  is  also  another  case  where  this strategy  seems  also  acceptable,  namely,  for  the  beauty  of  rhythm.  Additionally, psychological inclination should be perceived. In this sense, “that” is shifted to “ 这 ”. Moreover, the extra and redundant pronoun can also be shifted to “其” for reasonable readjustment.  Lastly,  as the Chinese people tend to adopt the words that don’t have substantial meaning such as “情况”, “作用”, etc and prefer verbs, the translator adds the category words and substitutes comparatives for verbs respectively.

reference(omitted)

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