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ut that pragmaticfailure has occurred on any occasion on which H(hearer) perceives the force of S，s(speaker's) utterance as other than S (speaker) intended s/he should perceive‘ it(1983:94).Thomas advises to use the term "pragmatic failure，, rather than "pragmatic error"because "It's legitimate to speak of grammatical error, since grammaticality can bejudged according to prescriptive rules (prescriptive for language-teaching purposes, atleast)，whereas pragmatic competence，as Candlin has observed，'entails probablerather than categorical rules.' The nature of pragmatic ambivalence is such that it isnot possible to say that the pragmatic force of an utterance is 'wrong'. All we can sayis that it failed to achieve the speak过’s goal" (Thomas，1983:94).
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2.2 Interpretation Studie

2.2.1 Definition of Interpretation
It is essential to first make a distinction between interpretation and translationthough both terms refer to the act of producing the most equivalent text of the sourcelanguage in the target language. The word "interpret" derives from Latin word"interpres". Gile(1983:12) defines interpretation as "an oral translation of oraldiscourse，，，and Zhong Shukong(1999:1) defines it as "an extempore oral production,in one language, of what is said in another language". Frishberg( 1990:18) has pointedout that "interpretation refers to the process of changing messages produced in onelanguage immediately into another language" and distinguish interpretation fromtranslation with the defining characteristic of "the live and immediate transmission".By definition，it is reasonable to say that interpretation, or interpreting is an oral wayof translation. To interpret is to convert something spoken in one language intoanother language immediately and accurately so as to achieve efficient and successfulcommunication among people speaking different languages.
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Chapter Three Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failures.........16
3.1 Research Methodology........ 16
3.1.1 Data Collection........ 16
3.1.2 Data Analysis........ 16
3.2 Types of Pragmatic Failures in Business Interpretation........ 17
3.3 Causes of Pragmatic Failures in Business Interpretation........ 33
3.3.1 Different Thinking Modes........   33
3.3.2 Different Value Orientation........ 34
3.3.3 Neglect of the Context ........   35
Chapter Four Tentative Strategies for Reducing Cross-cultural........38
4.1 Improving Interpreter's Cross-cultural Awareness........ 38
4.1.1 The Importance of Cross-cultural Awareness ........38
4.1.2 Ways to Improve Interpreter's Cross-cultural Awareness........ 39
4.2 Improving Interpreter's Pragmatic Competence ........ 40
4.2.1 Linguistic Competence and Pragmatic Competence ........40
4.2.2 Communicative Competence and Pragmatic Competence........ 42
Chapter Five Conclusion  ........ 44
5.1 Major Findings of the Study........ 44
5.2 Implications of the Study........     45
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Study........ 46

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