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American representation, such as unequalcivil rights, inefficient operation of state power, serious power corruption, as well as thedevelopment of democratic institutions and reforms. Therefore, according to Newmark’sdefinition of informative text, the content of this chapter belongs to informative text interms of text category. From the perspective of textual purpose, the second chapter of thisbook mainly reflects objective facts of American democratic politics, which also conformsto the characteristics of informational text. Therefore, in view of the analysis on text typeabove, it can be defined as an informative text.

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Chapter Two Major Issues and Difficulties, Analysis of Causes

2.1 Major Issues and Difficulties

As mentioned in Chapter One, the project is an informative text, whose primarypurpose is to convey authentic information provided in the text. On the basis of the transferof original information, both content and language should be acceptable and apprehensibleto the readership and the translator should ensure the accuracy and fluency of original textwhen translating into Chinese language (Newmark 2001). Therefore, to achieve this target,the author has come across many difficulties in translation including how to cope withterminologies, rhetorical devices, long sentences and punctuation marks.

2.1.1 Translation of Terminologies

Terminology is a general word, which refers to a set of specialized words orexpressions used in particular fields (Stevenson & Waite 2013). These words and phrasesmay deviate from the meaning that the same words show in other contexts in everydaylanguage, but they, as the main carrier of information, are usually used to describe specificconcept with precise expression in semantic meaning.

The project covers a large number of terminologies concerning political and historicalfields, such as “political machines”, “labor unrest”, “literacy test”, “political asylum”,“graduated income tax” and so on. Therefore, to translate such different types of termsaccurately, the author should be equipped with certain background knowledge of particularfields and be able to understand specific meanings of terms in these fields, as well as findequivalent expressions in target language, which poses a daunting task for translation.

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2.2Analysis of the Main Causes

There are several underlying causes that account for above issues and difficulties theauthor has met during translation, among which lack of specialized knowledge anddifferences between Chinese and English are on the list of priorities.

2.2.1 Lack of Specialized Knowledge

The above issues are partly derived from limited background information of theauthor. As mentioned in Chapter One, the project is a cross-disciplinary text which coversspecific knowledge in economic, political and historical fields and it requires that thetranslator should carry demanding objectivity and professionalism when transmittingauthentic information to target readers.

Lacking specialized knowledge is bound to an obstacle for translating some propernouns and terms, which may make some difference in the quality of translation. Forexample, the phrase “political asylum” in the text means “the right to live in a 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。