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Reisse introduces linguistic studies into translation and suggests that texts shouldbe classified from the perspective of function in order to achieve better translationevaluation. In this way, text types fall into three categories, the first is informative text(content-focused), and this kind of text mainly conveys things and phenomena in thereal world to readers; the second is expressive text (form-focused), in whichinformation is only used as a supplement, and the aesthetics plays a dominant part; thethird is operative text (appeal-focused), and the main purpose of this kind is toresonate the recipients, trying to arouse a certain response of the readers (Munday,2016). The translation practice is an excerpt from The Evolution of Language writtenby William Tecumseh Fitch, based on a large number of discussions, explanations,illustrations and examples, aiming to show readers the phylogenetic models oflanguage evolution and specific information of different languages. 

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Chpater 2 The Structures and Semantics of Nominalizatio

2.1 Literature Review

Scholars of several mainstream schools at home and abroad have studied Englishnominalization and put forward different views, but there is no unified conclusion onit at present. However, in general, scholars penetrate into nominalization and expandtheir scopes of study.

2.1.1 Previous Research

Since ancient Greece scholars like Plato and Aristotle have consciously dividedparts-of-speech into two parts: nominal components and verbal components (Liu &Lu, 2004). As early as 1936, Wilhelm von Humboldt (as cited in Liu & Lu, 2004) , a German linguist, noticed the transformation between verbs and nouns. As a matter offact, scholars’ researches on nominalization has been based on its grammaticalfunction and its structure, from which nominalization is defined.

According to David Crystal(2008), nominalization is defined as “the process offorming a noun from some other word-class or the derivation of a noun phrase froman underlying clause” (p.234), while in Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics,nominalization is a process in which the verbs or some phrases change into nouns ornoun phrases (Matthews, 1997, p.244). In the first half of the 20th century, structuralgrammar appeared in the field of linguistic study, and many linguists studiednominalization from the perspective of language structure. Leonard Bloomfieldargues that expression is meaningful only when it enters in the linguistic structures orsyntactic systems (Fan & Wang, 2003) , and a simple part-of-speech can not expressany information, thus it is useless to discuss the concept of nominalization only,because in his view, both verbs and nouns only act as different grammatical items inthe syntactic structure, only through the component analysis can the word classes bedivided. For example, the expressions “the bomb explored” and “the exploration ofthe bomb” express the same meaning, however, ‘explore’ is the predicate and“exploration” is the subject, which are only considered as the different items.

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2.2 The Structural Shift of Nominalization

2.2.1 The Structural Analysis

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